Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders.
DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms.
DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.
Partner Bellringer (only the person beside you: write out answer and put both names on paper)
Lets say you are a psychologist…..and a new patient comes to see you.
What background info would best help you make a diagnosis?
List as many as you can.
Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention
Relational Problems
Abuse and Neglect (incl. child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, child psychological abuse and child neglect as well as adult maltreatment, spousal (partner) abuse and non-spousal (partner) abuse)
Educational and Occupational Problems
Housing and Economic Problems
Other Problems Related to Social Environment
Problems Related to Crime or the Legal System
Other Health Service Encounters for Counseling and Medical Advice
Problems Related to Other Psychosocial, Personal and Environmental Circumstances
Other Circumstances of Personal History
Current Perspectives
Medical Perspective: psychological disorders are sicknesses and can be diagnosed, treated and cured.
Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective: assumes biological, psychological and sociocultural factors combine to interact causing psychological disorders.
The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders
The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders
The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders
The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders
SANE OR INSANE ?
A LEGAL TERM USED TO DETERMINE ONES ABILITY TO STAND TRIAL ; ALSO INFERS ONES MENTAL STATE DURING THE TIME THEY COMITTEDTHE CRIME; IS NOT USED IN THE FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY, ONLY IN LAW
Perspectives and Disorders
Psychological School/Perspective
Cause of the Disorder
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Internal, unconscious drives
Humanistic
Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings.
Behavioral
Reinforcement history, the environment.
Cognitive
Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking.
Subjective Discomfort: Feelings of anxiety, depression, or emotional distress. But people we would consider definitely abnormal may not feel subjective discomfort.
Social Nonconformity: Disobeying societal standards for normal conduct; usually leads to destructive or self-destructive behavior. But it doesn’t always. Is being a nonconformist always a disorder? 1984!
Statistical Abnormality: Having extreme scores on some dimension, such as intelligence, anxiety, or depression. But having a numerically rare characteristic isn’t always a disorder (e.g., having an IQ of 180)
Three Criteria for Abnormality
Maladaptive Behavior: Behavior that makes it difficult to function, to adapt to the environment, and to meet everyday demands
Significant impairment in psychological functioning: Those with mental illness lose the ability to control thoughts, behaviors, or feelings adequately
Atypical behavior: behavior that is not typical of the majority of the population
Some DSM-IV Categories
Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
Factitious Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Sexual & Gender Identity Disorders
Eating Disorders
Sleep Disorders
Adjustment Disorders
Personality Disorders
Disorders First Diagnosed in Childhood
Organic Mental Disorders
Substance Related Disorders
Schizoprenia Disorders
Paranoid Disorders
Impulse Control Disorders
DSM-IV definition of mental disorder
A mental disorder is “conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioural or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.”
Presentations
Description of the disorder
History of the disorder (how discovered)
Treatment
Prevalence in population
Outlook (living with the disorder)
Incidence of Mental Disorders
Pros and Cons
Labels
Treatment methods
Stress and co-morbidity
Section 2 anxiety disorders
Objectives
Identify the beh patterns that psychologists label as anxiety disorders.
a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.
the patient fears something awful will happen to them.
They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.
Brain area??(a-------)
Normal or not
Afraid of animals
If you are walking down the street and a large dog runs at you barking, it is perfectly normal to be afraid.
If you get anxious if a dog appears on the TV, then that is a disorder
Speech
If a student gets up to give a speech in class and finds that his hands are trembling and his throat is dry, that is normal anxiety.
If the student runs out of the room crying when called on to speak or faints while giving a speech, that is not normal.
Anxiety-def
Out of proportion to the situation and interferes with normal functioning
Anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental illness in the US – 19 million Am. annually
Generalized anxiety disorders
Anxiety- a vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger.
This can blossom into a full fledged panic attack, which includes chocking sensation, chest pain, dizziness, trembling, and hot flashes.
How is this different from fear?
Fear is a reaction to the real and identifiable threats, anxiety is a reaction to vague or imagined dangers
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.
Some people experience a continuous generalized anxiety.
Unable to make decision, enjoy life, establish social relationships, overall they have difficulty fulfilling responsibilities, which adds to their anxiety.
Vicious cycle
Worrydifficulty
difficulty worry
Generalized anxiety
Generally acc. by physical symptoms
Muscular tension
Inability to relax
furrowed brow
Strained face
Poor appetite
Indigestion
Diarrhea
Frequent urination
May also have
Difficulty sleeping or once asleep, may wake up suddenly in the night.
As a result they may feel tired in the morning.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sheldon has OCD
Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.
compulsion
Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.
Why do people develop obsessions and compulsions?
Serve as diversions from real fears, so it reduces anxiety somewhat
Compulsions provide a disturbed person with evidence that he is doing something well
OCD has been found to run in families, so possible genetic basis.
Although most people with OCD realize their thoughts and actions are irrational, they feel unable to stop them.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4g
Howie Mandel and OCD
"Hand rails are my enemy" says "Deal or No Deal" host of obsessive cleanliness
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD
Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event.
Memories of the event cause anxiety.
The event that triggers the disorder overwhelms a person’s sense of reality and the ability to cope.
Can begin immediately or develop later
Flashbacks or nightmares
Re-experience the event
Feelings of guilt or insomnia
Nazi conc camp survivors and soldiers returning from war may display symptoms for decades.
Veterans of military combat
Survivors of terrorisms, or natural disasters
Catastrophes such as plane crashes
Human aggression- rape and assault
Not everyone who exp a traumatic event develops PTSD
1 explain how excessive anxiety may lead to phobias or panic disorders
2 list 5 symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder
3 what is anxiety? When is it normal? When is it abnormal?
4 how would you differentiate between someone who is a perfectionist and someone who is suffering from OCD.
Anxiety Disorders
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Selective Mutism
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Panic Disorder
Panic Attack Specifier
Agoraphobia (characterized by anxiety in situations where the sufferer perceives certain environments as dangerous or uncomfortable, often due to the environment's vast openness or crowdedness)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Other Specified Anxiety Disorder
Unspecified Anxiety Disorder
Phobias
A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread.
Must be an irrational fear.
Phobia List
agoraphobia
Specific phobia-can focus on anything such as high places (acrophobia), enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), and darkness (nyctophobia)
Social phobias- victim will fear that they will embarrass themselves in a public place or social setting. (public speaking, using public restroom, meeting strangers, and going on a first date)
Phobic individuals develop elaborate plans to avoid the situations they fear. Some people develop an extreme fear of being in a public place (agoraphobia)
May stop going to specific places, and ultimately never leave their homes, bc it is the only place they feel safe.
Phobias range in intensity from mild to severe
Most deal with the phobias by avoiding what frightens them.
Thus the phobias are learned and maintained by the reinforcing effects of avoidance, which reduces the anxiety, but not the phobia.
Treatment involves introducing what they fear under safe conditions.
Most common fears
Survey
Poll at least 20 people, students and adults
Greatest specific fear-object
Tally all of your responses.
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.
Section 3
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Objectives
Identify the beh patterns that psyc’s label as somatoform disorders
Describe the symptoms of dissociative disorders.
Why can’t the prince walk
There is an ancient Persian legend about a physician named Rhazes who was called into the palace for the purpose of diagnosing and treating the young prince.
Apparently the prince could not walk.
After the usual examination of the day, Rhazes determined there was nothing wrong with the prince’s legs, at least not physically.
With little more than a hunch, Rhazes set out to treat what may be the first recorded case of conversion. In doing so, he took a risk:
Rhazes unexpectedly walked into the prince’s bathroom brandishing a dagger and threatened to kill him.
Upon seeing him, “the startled prince abruptly fled, leaving his clothes, his dignity, and his symptoms behind.
The prince from the story suffered from somatoform disorder.
These are characterized by physical symptoms brought on by psychological distress.
Challenge patients, attempting to force them out of the symptoms.
The prince did not fake the symptoms.
Somatoform disorders
Anxiety can create a wide variety of physical symptoms- no apparent physical cause
This phenomenon is called somatoform disorder, or hysteria.
Hysteria was more commonly used during Freud’s time to refer to unexplainable fainting, paralysis, or deafness.
2 main types
Conversion disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Conversion disorder
Def- changing emotional difficulties into a loss of specific voluntary bodily function
Loss of function is real, no physical damage
Many people occasionally experience mild conversion disorder……
Such as when someone is so frightened that he cannot move
But conversion disorder is not this simple. It persists.
Real and prolonged handicap
literally cannot feel anything….
For example you wake up one morning to find you are paralyzed from the waist down.
How would you react?
This person reacts with Labelleindifférence
“nice calmness”
This calmness is one sign that the person is suffering from a psychological disorder
Most psychologists believe that people suffering from conversion disorders unconsciously invent physical symptoms to gain freedom from unbearable conflict.
For example, a woman who lives in terror of blurting out things she does not want to say may lose the power of speech.
This resolves the conflict about speaking.
Conversion disorders are comparatively rare.
Illness Anxiety Disorder (Used to be termed Hypochondriasis)
Conversion disorders must be distinguished from hypochondriasis, in which a person who is in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments.
The hypochondriac spends a lot of time looking for signs and symptoms of serious illness and often misinterprets minor aches, pains, bruises, or bumps as early signs of fatal illness.
Despite negative results in medical tests and physical evaluations, the hyp continues to believe the disease or malfunction exists.
Usually presents during young adulthood
Equally common in men and women
Dissociative disorders
You have probably had the experience of being lost in a daydream or failing to notice your friend calling your name.
This is a normal dissociative experience.
A dissociative disorder involves a much greater breakdown in a person’s normal conscious experience.
Def- a disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consiousness.
While we hear a lot about amnesia and multiple personalities it is very rare.
Dissociative amnesia
Memory loss with no biological explanation is called dissociative amnesia
May be an attempt to escape from problems by blocking them out completely.
Amnesiacs remember how to speak and usually retain a good base of general knowledge, but they may not know who they are, where they work or live, and who their family is.
Must be distinguished from physical injury, normal forgetting, or drug abuse.
Most often the result traumatic event, such as witnessing a terrible accident.
Text to self (where the student will make a connection to their personal life
Text to text (connection to another text or article we have already read/discussed.
Text to world (connection based on the students knowledge of the world)
Dissociative fugue
Another type of dissociative reaction.
Amnesia is coupled with an active flight to a different environment.
Exp- woman may suddenly disappear and wake up 3 days later in a restaurant 200 miles from home. If she is not treated she may establish a new identity-assume a new name, marry, etc- in the new place.
Fugues can last for days to decades
When the person comes out of the fugue-what happened in the interim will be forever lost
Fugue= traveling amnesia
Serves the same psyc function- escape from unbearable conflict or anxiety
Dissociative identity disorder
Previously known as multiple personality disorder
Seems to have 2 or more distinct identities-each with own way of thinking and behaving
Eve White
Some psyc believe that this dividing up of the personality is the result of the individual’s effort to escape from a part of the self that he/she fears.
Extremely rare!
The three faces of eve
Eve’s real name was Chris Sizemore
She published a book in 1977- “I’m Eve”
22 personalities
Often confused with the case of Sybil, 16 personalities, described in book and film
Fascinating, extremely rare and controversial
People suffering from this disorder usually suffered from severe physical, psychological, or sexual abuse during childhood.
These individuals learn to dissociate themselves from such stressful events by selectively forgetting them, thereby reducing the anxiety they feel.
The Three Faces of Eve – 1957
How many personalities did Eve have? Who are they? How are they different?
Why do you think Eve White was so passive?
Was there anything that triggered the onset of her disorder?
Do you think the revelation at the end of the movie was really a cure?
How does the case of DID shown in the Three faces of Eve compare to the description of the disorder on page 516-517 in your text.
Quick quiz
Quick quiz Section 3
1 Define and describe 3 dissociative disorders. Explain how these disorders differ from one another.
2 What is the difference between conversion disorder and hypochondriasis?
3 Besides anxiety, how might you realize that you are suffering from a somatoform or dissociative disorder?
Section 4 Schizophrenia and mood disorders
Section 5 personality disorders and drug addictions
Bellwork
Daily vocabulary preview- Schizophrenia
Write 6 sentence reaction
Read a day in the life on page 409.
What is most important? Nature or nurture?
How does a disorder like schizophrenia affect the family and friends of those with the disorder?
Phobia of the day
Section 4
Schizophrenia and mood disorders
objectives
Describe the disorder of schizophrenia
Evaluate the theories associated with the causes of schizophrenia
Synthesize and make generalizations about the role of nature and nurture in the development of schizophrenia
Describe several theories that try to explain mood disorders
Schizophrenia
Euglen Blueler
1908
“Schizein”
“Phren”
Split between emotion and cognition
Word salad
A woman was delighted to receive a letter from her son abroad, but distraught when she read it:
“Dear Mother…I am writing on paper. The pen I am using is from a factory called Perry and Co. The factory is in England. The city of London is in England. I know this from my school days. Then I always liked geography. My last teacher in that subject was Professor August. He was a man with black eyes. There are also blue and grey eyes and other sorts too. I have heard it said that snakes have green eyes. All people have eyes. There are some, too, who are blind.”
The man who wrote the letter was diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Sufferers of schiz.
Often have difficulty using language to communicate.
Random word association.
Schiz. affects working memory, which is used to form sentences.
May not remember the beginning of a sentence and finish it with an unrelated thought.
Schiz. is often misunderstood
Depression/anxiety
An individual with schiz, who withdraws from normal life and whose distorted perceptions and beh reach an irrational, fantastic, fear-laden, unimaginable level, does so in a ways that are difficult for us to understand.
Considered the most complex and severe psychiatric problem-making progress
Schizophrenia- a group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions.
Affects 1/100 worldwide
family connection- 1/10 if in the family
One expert noted that someone with depression or severe anxiety problems dreams in an unreal way about life, while a person with schiz. lives life as an unreal dream.
Not a single problem- not single cause or cure.
Collection of symptoms
example
Psychiatrist interviews a patient admitted to hospital
Indiv demonstrates a wide assortment of symptoms
He is intensely excited, expresses extreme hostility toward members of his family, and at the same time claims that he loves them, showing conflicting feelings.
One minute he is extremely aggressive, questioning his psychiatrist’s motives and even threatening her.
The next minute he withdraws and acts as though he cannot hear anything she says.
He then begins talking again. “naturally,” he says, “I am growing my father’s hair.”
Although all of the person’s other beh indicates psyc problems, this last statement is the diagnostic bellringer
Why?
It explains that the man is living in a private, disordered reality.
Many people with schiz exp….
Delusions-false beliefs that a person maintains in the face of contradictory evidence
Hallucinations-perceptions that have no direct external cause
primarily auditory
Other associated symptoms…
Incoherence- marked decline in thought processes (speed up language or word salad)
Disturbance of affect- emotions that are inappropriate for the circumstances
Severe deterioration in normal movement-slowed mvmt, non-mvmt, or agitated beh
Decline in previous levels of functioning-drop-off in work productivity
Diverted attention- cognitive flooding, as if the person is unable to focus his or her attention
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb8wQjwVu2g
Types of schizophrenia
Paranoid schiz-
Hallucinations
Delusions of grandeur-“I am the savior of my ppl”
Or
Persecution- “someone is always watching me”
Michael Jackson
Catatonic type
Remain motionless for long periods, exhibiting waxy flexibility in which limbs in unusual positions may take a long time to return to a resting, relaxed position-like a melting wax statue
Disorganized type
Incoherent thought and speech
Inappropriate emotions
Giggling for no apparent reason
Disorganized motor beh
Hallucinations
Delusions
Remission type
Diagnostic label applied to anyone whose symptoms are completely gone or still exist, but are not severe enough to have earned a diagnosis of schiz in the first place
The expectation is that the symptoms will return, so the disorder is considered in remission.
It is sometimes difficult to differentiate between types of schiz bc some symptoms are shared by all types
Undifferentiated type
Encompasses basic symptoms of schiz, such as deterioration of daily functioning, hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate emotions, and thought disorders.
Overview
Very complex condition
Treatment is long term and usually requires hospitalization
Long term institutionalization sometimes leads to a patient who is burned out-one who is unlikely to function normally in society.
Schiz may go into remission, symptoms disappear and person seems normal, but according to the DSM adjustment tends to deteriorate between successive episodes of the reappearance of the symptoms.
Although no recovery is possible, no real cure exists, and once an individual is diagnosed with it, he may never escape from it.
traumatic experience plays a role to the development of this mental illness.
Several studies have shown that the quality of maternal –child relationship to be a predictor of risk of later schizophrenia.
Others also claims that certain types of experience, for example bullying, victimization, racism and alienation from mainstream culture, increase the probability of psychosis.
Pathogenic
families
Causes of schizophrenia
Brain needs right amount of chemicals.
Chemical imbalance leads to psychosis
Born w nervous system that get easily aroused and takes a long time to return to normal state
Autism?
Dopamine hypothesis-excess dopamine
Correlational studies-chicken or the egg
Some argue that symptoms of schiz may even be caused by the fact that schiz live in hospitals, where they get little exercise, eat inst. food, and usually given tranquilizers.
Living under such conditions, anyone might develop a chemical imbalance
Is it NATURE or NURTURE?
CAT and MRI scans show deteriorated brain tissue
The exact role of env is unclear, but is definitely involved
Diathesis-stress hypothesis states that an
individual may have inherited a disposition
toward schiz. for schiz to develop, that
person must be exposed to certain stressors, such as bad family experiences, before schiz will develop
Epigenetics
Explaining the cause of schiz is one of the hardest problems psyc’s face
… “twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work.
… “twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work.
According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are.”
Def- disorder in which individuals alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria) and depression
Manic phase
Elation, extreme confusion, distractibility, and racing thoughts.
Exaggerated sense of self esteem and engages in irresponsible beh- shopping sprees or insulting remarks
Example-
On admission she slapped the nurse, addressed the house physician as God, made the sign of the cross, and laughed loudly when she was asked to don the hospital garb. This she promptly tore to shreds….She sang at the top of her voice, screamed through the window, and leered at the patients promenading the recreation yard.
Manic phase
Often this state is hard to detect-bc they may seem in touch with reality and blessed with an unending sense of optimism
May beh as though they need less sleep
Activity level increases
Loudness and frequency of speech increases
Depressive phase
Overcome by feeling of failure, sinfulness, despair, and worthlessness.
Contrast
Lethargy, despair, unresponsiveness
Sim to major depressive disorder
Example
The patient lay in bed, immobile, with a dull depressed expression on his face. Even when spoken to, he did not respond to questions, but sometimes, apparently after great effort he would mumble something about the “scourge of God”
Sometimes will alternate between phases followed by long periods of relatively normal beh
Others almost no normal beh
Manic, depressive, manic, depressive, manic, dep
Some hyp that manic period is an attempt to ward off the underlying hopelessness of the dep episode
Others believe mania can be traced to the same biochemical disorder responsible for the depression
SAD
Seasonal affective disorder
Dull grays and browns of winter
Throughout winter, suffer from depression, spirits lift only with the coming spring.
Tend to sleep and eat excessively during depressed period.
SAD
Research proposed role of melatonin
In winter less light is available-so more melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland.
Higher level= SAD
Occurs only in some
TRXT?
Many SAD sufferers can be treated by sitting under bright florescent lights during the evening or early morning hours.
Quick question
Recall the last time you failed or did not do something well. What kind of explanation did you offer for your failure? Was this optimistic or pessimistic?
Explaining mood disorders
Personality traits (self- esteem)
Social support
Ability to deal with stressful situations
Cognitive theory
Ppl draw illogical conclusions from about themselves
Blame themselves for normal problems
Consider minor failures a catastrophe
Learned helplessness
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin and noradrenaline
Interaction between social and biological factors
Women are 2x as likely to experience major depression
Why?
Postpartum depression
More report
Men distract themselves
Suicide and depression
Not all people who commit suicide are depressed
Not all depressed people commit suicide
Some dep take thoughts into actions
Stats show that every year more than 30,000 Americans end their lives
Contrary to popular belief people who threaten or make an unsuccessful attempt usually are serious.
70% of ppl who kill themselves had made threat within 3 months prior & unsuccessful attempt is often a trial run
What should you do
Treat him like a normal human being (meanwhile contact a professional or teacher)
Do not assume that you will upset him-just talk to him
Do not be afraid to ask him about his thoughts (even suicidal ones)
Listen to him- he might be relieved to have someone listen
Urge to get professional help
hotlines
Quick Quiz
Define schiz and list 5 symptoms of the disorder
What is the diathesis-stress hypothesis? How does this explain the development of schiz?
Create a graphic organizer similar to the one below to identify the different types of schizophrenia and a few symptoms of each
Section 5 Personality Disorders and drug addiction
Describe how personality disorders differ from other psychological disorders.
Explain how drug abuse is a psychological problem.
Aimless crime
Motive
Never experienced emotional events in whole life
Emotions and social rules do not constrain behavior.
Sign of personality disorder- antisocial p.d.
Personality disorders
Different from other problems we have discussed.
People with pd generally do not suffer from acute anxiety nor do they behave in bizarre, incomprehensible ways.
Def- maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one’s environment
Unable to est meaningful, social relationships, to assume social resp, or to adapt to social env.
Diagnostically ranges from self-defeating personality patterns, painfully shy, lonely types to vain, pushy show-offs.
We will focus on antisocial personality disorder, past referred to as sociopaths or psychopaths
Antisocial PD- def- a personality disorder characterized by irresponsibility, shallow emotions, and a lack of conscience.
Exhibit personal disregard for and violation of others rights.
People are objects-things to be used for gratification and cast aside when no longer useful.
Intolerant of everyday frustrations
Unable to plan, save, or wait-live for the moment
Thrill seekers
No shame or guilt if ppl are injured or social rules broken along way
Getting caught=no change
Often get away with destructive beh
Intelligent
Entertaining
Able to feign emotions they do not feel
Fantastic liars- or able to insist that intention were pure
Hugh Johnson
Defrauded ppl out of thousands of dollars in 64 different swindles.
He replied, “He never took more than the person could afford to lose, and further, he was only reducing the chances that a more dangerous criminal would use force to achieve the same ends.”
Causes
Imitating antisocial parents
Lack of discipline, or inconsistent/other childhood problems
Dysfunction of the nervous system
Still researching the rel bw genes and antisocial beh
3-4% in America, Canada, Australia
.5% Tiawan
While most of us get nervous when we do something that we have been punished for in the past, those with antisocial pd never seem to learn to anticipate punishment, and remain calm when committing antisocial acts.
Antisocial
Dependent
Displays pattern of submissiveness and excessive need to be taken care of
Histrionic
Displays excessive emotions and attn seeking beh.
Obsessive-compulsive
Has intense interest in being orderly, having control, achieving perfection
Paranoid
Distrusts others; perceives others as having evil motives
Schizotypal
Feels intense discomfort in close relationships; has distorted thinking and eccentric behavior
