Civil service exam (Mains) 2009 history paper I section – A

1. Marks any fifteen of the following places on the map supplied to you and write short descriptive notes on these places marked by you. 4×15=60

i. Koldihwa ii. Kuchai iii. Utnar iv. Patne

v. Semthan vi. Bagasra vii. Balatha viii. Hallur

ix. Kandahar x. Ter xi. Uchh xii. Gyaraspur

xiii. Uttaramerur xiv. Lalkot xv. Sittanavasal xvi. Mansura

xvii. Jaunpur xviii. Daojali Hading xix. Machilipatnam xx. Mahisadal

2. In what ways are the accounts of the Greeco Romans and the Chinese helpful in reconstructing the social history of

India ? How far is their information corroborated by other Contemporary sources. 60

3. a) Evaluate the various approaches to the understanding of vedic religion. 30

b) Give an account of the use of gold coins by commoners in the Gupta Period. 30

4. Bring out the regional variations in the early South Indian Temple’s architectural styles. 60

5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words each on any three of the following: 20×3=60

a) Applicability of the term ‘ Indian Feudalism’ to early Medieval Society.

b) Muhammad Tughluq as an agrarian innovator.

c) Implications of Akbar’s notion of Sulh-i-kul.

d) Estimates of population of Mughal India.

6. a) How far can the village assemblies or communities under the Cholas be really called democratic. 30

b) Assess Kalhana’s views on History. 30

7. a) Identify the main factors that sustained the expansion of urban economy in the Delhi Sultanate. 30

b) Give an estimate of Akbar as a promoter of technology. 30

8. a) Give a critical assessment of the contributions of Amir Khusarau and Barani to Indo – Persian Literature.30

b) The major cause of revolts against the Mughal Empire during the latter half of the 17th century were economic ,

rather than religious.” Discuss. 30

HISTORY Paper II

SECTION – A ( Modern India )

1. Comment on any three of the following statements in about 200 words each : 20×3=60

a) “ Though the Permanent Settlement had serious defects , it gave tranquility to the countryside and stability to the

government”.

b) “ The Arya Samaj may quite logically be pronounced as the outcomes of conditions imported into India by the

west.” ( Lala Lajpat Rai)

c) “Please remember, in granting separate electorates we are sowing the dragons’s teeth and harvest will be bitter.”

( Morley)

d) “ The annexation of Awadh shook the loyalty of the Sepoy’s , as it was for them an ultimate proof of

untrustworthiness of the British.”

2. a) Why was Mysore considered a threat by the British to their possessions and mercantile interests in the south ? Do

You think that Tipu Sultan’s posturing became his undoing? 30

b) How did the East India Company became the dejure power in India? 30

3. a) How did social legislation in the nineteenth century improve the condition of women in India? 30

b) Analyze the social composition of the early Congress leadership. 30

4. a) Discuss as to why the congress accepted the partition of India in 1947. 30

b) Do you think that Quit India movement was a Spontaneous Revolution ? 30

SECTION B : ( World History )

5. Comment on any three of the following statements in about 200 words each : 20×3=60

a) “ The capitalism which gave the European empires their apparent solidarity and permanence also hastened their

downfall.”

b) “ In all the long annals of Imperialism , the partition of Africa is a remarkable freak.”

c) “ Hitler did not really want a world War. His intention was only a short war with Poland.” ( A. J. P. Taylar )

d) “Arab nationalism and oil – these were the principal Factors in complicating the relations of middle eastern

countries with the outside world.”

6. a) Discuss the emergence of neo-imperialism in the late nineteenth century. 30

b) What was the extent of industrialization in western Europe by the end of the nineteenth century? 30

7. a) How did Nepoleon Bonapart fuse the old France with the new ? 30

b) Why did Vietnam go through thirty years of war after the second world war? 30

8. a) Account for the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in Russia 30

b) Examine the peace keeping efforts of the United Nations Organization. 30

1) Burzahom 2) Banwali 3) Ahar 4) Girnar

5) Chandraketugarh 6) Brahmagiri 7) Bayana 8) Gangaikondcholapuram

9) Tamralipti 10) Muziris 11) Ambari 12) Modhera

13) Devnimori 14) Bhadreshwar 15) Bundi 16) Jinji

17) Antichak 18) Gaur 19) Sasaram 20) Mahasthangarh

2. Discuss the distribution and significance of farming cultures outside the Indus system. 60

3. How justified are we in characterizing the post Mauryan five centuries as the “Dark – Period” of Indian History? Give reasons in support of your answers. 60

4. How do recent Archaeological findings and Sangam literary texts, enlightened us about the early state and society in South India. 60

Section-B
5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words each on any three of the following: 20 x 3 = 60

a) Ahom Kingdom

b) Significance of arrival of Portuguese in India

c) The ‘Corps of Forty’ and its relations with the sultans

d) Evolution of Khalsa Panth

6. What are the manifestations of Tamil devotional cults? How do you account for their growth between c. 750 to c. 1200 AD 60

b) The Vernacular Press in the 19^th Century was both newspaper as well as views paper that enlightened dormant masses.

c) ‘Is moral law, the law of consciousness, higher than law of the state, which is oppressive?’ (Mahatma Gandhi – 1922)

d) In exercising its exclusive power the parliament additionally inacted the untouchability (offenses) act in 1955.

2. Critically examine the impact of the Famine policy on rural India. Describe the official remedial measures undertaken. 60

3. Write a critique on the impact of drain theory of Dadabhai Naurauji in the growth of Economic nationalism. 60

4. Describe the changing nature of revolutionary activities in India between 1905 to 1946 60

Section ‘B’
(World History)
5. Comment on any three of the following statements in about 200 words each: 3 X 20 = 60

a) France was more fertile than Britain in producing new socialist theories and movements; though they bore less concrete results in France than in Britain.

b) Most of the European revolutions of 1848 were nationalist as well as popular insurgence against foreign rule and repressive policy of Meternich

c) In the long run the Locarno Treaty (Dec 1925) was destructive both of the treaty of Versaille and of the covenant.

d) After World War II the strategy of the west, towards the Soviet Block crystallized as a policy of containment.

6. ‘The Enlightenment represented alternative approaches to modernity, alternative habits of mind and heart, of consciousness and sensibility’. Discuss 60

7. Account for the factors that brought about the end of the cold war. 60

8. Asses the significance of the political development that took place in Eastern Europe during 1989-2001. 60

1) Kot digi 2) Kalibangan 3) Ahicchatra 4) Bhimbaitka

5) Kanauj 6) Siddapura 7) Udayagiri 8) Kaveripoompattinam

9) Tiruchirapalli 10) Sisupalgarh 11) Anuradhapura 12) Hampi

13) Srirangapatnam 14) Puri 15) Kolhapur

16) Haldighati 17) Golconda 18) Chittagong 19) Chitore

20) Calicut

2. “Reconstruction of Early Indian history is hardly possible without the help of inscriptions and coins.” Discuss 60

3. Write what you know of the rise and spread of Buddhism before the first century A.D. 60

4. Throw light on the condition of common man in the Gupta period 60

a) Alberuni on science in India b) The Bahamani Kingdom

c) Mughal painting d) Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of the Maratha rulers
6. Show that the administrative system in India reached a very high level during the Chola period 60
7. “The tenets of Hindu and Muslim mystics were similar enough that the ground was ripe for syncretic movements involving adherents of both the religious.” Elucidate. 60
8. “Akbar built the Mughal Empire by enlisting the support of the Rajputs, Aurangzeb destroyed it by alienating the Rajputs.” Discuss critically. 60

Paper II, Section ‘A’
(Modern India)

1. Comment on any three of the following statements in about 200 words each: 3 X 20 =60

a) “The Revolt of 1857 seemed to call the very presence of the British into question. What it did not do was reverse these changes.”

b) “Of the evils which corroded Indian society in the nineteenth century were probably those which stunted its womanhood.”

c) “At Karachi in 1931, the Congress defined what Swaraj would mean for the masses.”

d) “There is no other instance in the history of mankind of a poet and philosopher working such a miracle in shaping the destiny of his people.” (A tribute to M.Iqbal)

2. Examine the major factors shaping the British land-revenue policy in India. How it affected Indian society? 60

3. Explain the circumstances leading to the alliance between the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements. Was it a politically wise step on the part of the Congress? 60

4. “With great skill and masterful diplomacy and using both persuasion and pressure, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel succeeded in integrating the hundreds of princely states with the Indian Union.” Discuss. 60

a) “No event as encompassing as the French Revolution occurs in an intellectual vacuum.”

b) “New imperialism was a nationalistic, not an economic phenomena.”

c) “The War’s (First World War’s) most permanent contribution to the spirit of the post-War years was disillusion.”

d) “NATO in many ways symbolized the key role that the United States had come to play in Europe.”

6. Give reasons for the origin of the Renaissance in Italy. 60

7. Discuss the main characteristics of Fascism. 60

8. “By the 1980s, the Communist system of the Soviet Union was incapable of maintaining the country’s role as a Superpower.” Explain this statement. 60

1) Konark 2) Taxila 3) Talikota 4) Somnath

5) Kalinjar 6) Mandu 7) Murshidabad 8) Nalanda

9) Tanjore 10) Amber 11) Anegondi 12) Chanderi

13) Arikmedu 14) Kalibangan 15) Nagarjunakonda 16) Eran

17) Kausambi 18) Pattadakal 19) Halebid 20) Dvarsamudra

a) The Khilji Revolution b) Sufism in North India

c) Religious Tolerance of Akbar d) Dara Shukoh
6. Bring out the main features of the administrative system under Delhi Sultanate during Turko-Afghan period. 60
7. Write a short essay on the development of literature during the Mughal period. 60
8. Examine the factors which were responsible for opening and development of European trade in India during the 16^th and 17^th centuries. 60


Paper II, Section ‘A’
(Modern India)

1. Comment on any three of the following statements in about 200 words each: 3 X 20 =60
a) “Neither Alexander the Great nor Napoleon could have won the empire of India by starting from Pondichery as a base and contending with a power which held Bengal and the command of the Sea”.
b) “A self-sufficient village, based on agriculture carried on with the primitive plough and bullock-power, and handicrafts by means of simple instruments, was a basic feature of Pre-British Indian economy”.
c) “So long as the millions live in hunger and ignorance, I hold every man a traitor who, having been educated at their expense pays not the least heed to them”.
d) “I felt that if we did not accept partition, India would be split into many bits and would be completely ruined”.
2. Examine the circumstances which led to the Third Mysore War. Could Cornwallis have avoided it? 60
3. What do you mean by the commercialization of Indian agriculture? Discuss its results. 60
4. Account for the emergence of the left-wing, within the Congress. How far did it influence the programme and Policy of the Congress? 60
Section ‘B’
(World History)
5. Comment on any three of the following statements in about 200 words each: 3 X 20 = 60
a) “No taxation without representation”.

b) “Colonies are like fruits which cling to the tree only till they ripen”.

(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

PAPER-I

Time allowed: 3 hours Max Marks: 300

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English.

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No marks will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’
Q.1. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the map supplied to you and write short descriptive notes on places plotted by you on the map:

1. Mahenjodaro 2. Burzahom 3. Inamgaon

4. Sannathi 5. Kaveripattinam 6. Sisupalgarh

7. Anuradhapura 8. Karnasuvarna 9. Chittagong

10. Chitore 11. Pratishthana 12. Vidisa

13. Hampi 14. Warangal 15. Diu

16. Seringapatam 17. Debal 18. Fatehpur Sikri

19. Bijapur 20. Sasaram

Q.3. Assess the status of women in India from c.4^th century BC to AD 6th century.

Q.4 What are the salient features of the administrative system of the Guptas?
SECTION ‘B’
Q.5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words each on any three of the following:

a) The Samanta system b) The Bahmani kingdom

c) Mughal painting d) Chaitanyadeva and Vaishnavism
Q.6. Give your opinion on the urban development in India during the Mughal times.

Q.7. “The tenets of Hindu and Muslim mystics were similar enough that the ground was ripe for syncretic movements involving adherents of both religions”. Elucidate.

Q.8. How would you like to characterize the eighteenth century in Indian history?
^{SECTION ‘A”}

(MODERN INDIA)

Q.1. Comment on any THREE of the following statements in about 200 words each:

(a) ‘Upon the whole, then, I conclude that the treaty of Bassein was wise, just and a politic measure’.

(b) ‘Whatever might have been its original character, it (Rebellion of 1857) soon became a symbol of challenge to the mighty British power in India’.

(c) ‘The impact of government on the people meant essentially the impact of government on the village’.

(d) ‘The national democratic awakening of the Indian people found expression also in the religious sphere’.

Q.2. Examine the essential principles of the Subsidiary Alliance system. How far did in contribute in making the British company the supreme sovereign authority in India?

Q.3. Trace the development of the famine policy of the British in India between 1876 and 1921. Did it provide relief to the people?

Q.4. Analyse the factors responsible for the Civil Disobedience movement (1930-31). How far were its aims realized in the Government of India Act of 1935?

(a) ‘Though reform was inevitable, the Act (1832) by which it was accomplished was open to grave criticism’.

(b) ‘The writings of the philosophers had a tremendous influence on the minds of the people and created a revolutionary awakening in their minds and formed the intellectual creed of the French Revolution’.

(c) ‘They have stopped me from making Italy by diplomacy from the North, I will make it by revolution from the South’.

(d) ‘The Russian Revolution (1917) was an economic explosion hastened by the stupidities of the autocratic Government’.

Q.6. What were the factors that worked in the drafting of the American Constitution? Do you agree with Beard’s view of the constitution being an Economic Document?

Q.7. Discuss the circumstances leading to the Chinese Revolution of 1949 and analyse its significance.

Q.8. Critically examine the various dimensions and phases of the cold war between 1947 and 1962.

i) Ahichhatra ii) Amaravati iii) Bhimbaitka

iv) Champa v) Kalibangan vi) Kanauj

vii) Kapilvastu viii) Karle ix) Mahabalipuram

x) Mathura xi) Mehrgarh xii) Paithan

xiii) Pataliputra xiv) Sarnath xv) Siddapura

xvi) Somnath xvii) Tamralipti xviii) Taxila

xix) Tripuri xx) Udaigiri

a) The ‘Corps of Forty’ and its relations with the Sultans

b) The Token Currency System introduced by Muhammad Tughluq

c) Was Din-i-Ilahi ‘a monument of Akbar’s folly’?

d) The system of the collection of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi by the Maratha rulers
Q. 6. The Cholas are said to have established a strong and well orgainsed administration with an element of self-government at the local level. Do you agree? Give reasons 60
Q. 7. Discuss the growth of the Nirguna School of Bhakti Movement emphasizing the contribution of Kabir and Nanak to it. 60
Q. 8. In what ways were Aurangzeb’s Rajput and religious policies different from those of his predecessors? What were the consequences of the changes made by him? 60

^{SECTION ‘A”}

(MODERN INDIA)

Q.1. Comment on any THREE of the following statements in about 200 words each:

(a) ‘The Treaty of Salbai (1782) was neither honourable to the English nor advantageous to their interests’

(b) ‘The object of the Act (Regulating) was good, but system that it established was imperfect’.

(c) ‘Permanent Settlement disappointed many expectations and introduced there results that were not anticipated’

(d) ‘We are therefore unable to advise to the British Government that the power which at present resides in British hands should be handed over to two entirely separate sovereign States’

Q.2. Discuss the causes that led to the ‘economic drain’ in Bengal following the Battle of Plassey.

Q.3. Examine the impact of British rule on Indian Society in the 19^th Century.

Q.4. Analyse Indian foreign policy on Non-alignment between 1947 and 1964.

(a) ‘Rousseau’s political philosophy contains the seeds of Socialism, Absolutism and Democracy.’

(b) ‘Nepoleon was the child of the Revolution, but in many ways he reversed the aims and principles of the movement from which he sprang…..’

(c) ‘To Bismarck the conclusion of the Treaty of May 20,1882, was the culmination of this system.’

(d) ‘The most important single factor…..in the years following 1919 was the French demand for security.’

Q.6. Review the background of the Chartist Movement. Despite its failure how had their demands been met in the succeeding years.

Q.7. What were the weaknesses and difficulties of the Weimer Republic? How did Hitler succeed in establishing his dictatorship?

Q.8. Analyze the factors for the collapse of Soviet Communism and Soviet Union during 1985-1991.

1) Kot Digi 2) Banamali 3) Tiruchirapalli

4) Tampralipti 5) Vaisali 6) Kundagrama

7) Puri 8) Ujjain 9) Badami

10) Guggara 11) Sarnath 12) Amaravati

13) Janguda 14) Kolhapur 15) Nagarjunkonda

16) Calicut 17) Haldighati 18) Golconda

19) Somnath 20) Mathura

Q.2. Assess the pattern of settlement, economy, social organization and religion of India during C2000 to 500 BC from archaeological evidences.

Q.3. “The Sixth century B.C. was a period of religious and economic unrest in India”. Comment.

Q.4. Examine the information of Fahien about the political, religious, social and economic condition of India. Make a comparative study of his account with that of Yuan Chwang.

SECTION ‘B’

Q.5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words each on any THREE of the following-

a) Kalhan as a historian b) Experiments of Mohammad Tughluq

c) Sufi Movements d) Chauth and Sardeshmukhi

Q.6. Attempt a critical essay of the Indian Science and Civilisation in the light of Al-beruni’s writing. What merits and drawbacks, do you find in his account?

Q.7. What impact did Kabir and Nanak leave on Indian Society and Culture?

Q.8. ‘Akbar built the Moghul Empire by enlisting the support of the Rajputs, Aurangzeb destroyed it by alienating the Rajputs’. Do you agree?

a) ‘Absentee landlordism was a consequential feature of Bengal’s Permanent land settlement.’

b) ‘India underwent suffering and mortality in the wake of recurring famines’ in the later half of the 19^th century.

c) ‘In the summer of 1942 Gandhi was in a strange and uniquely militant mood’.

d) ‘Rabindranath Tagore’s nationalism was based on a Catholic internationalism’.

Q.2. What was the impact of early British land policy on the ‘village communities’ of North India?

Q.3. Trace the factors which led to a split in the Indian National Congress in 1907. What was its impact on the course of the nationalist movement?

Q.4. Examine the causes of the rise and progress of revolutionary movements in India from 1905 to 1931.

a) ‘The French Revolution attacked privileges and not property’.

b) ‘The roots of the rise of Fascism lay in Peace Treaties’.

c) ‘The Security Council is the heart of the United Nations’.

d) ‘The Brussels Treaty of 17 March 1948 paved the way for the formation of NATO’.

Q.6. ‘Bismarch united Germany not by majority of votes and speeches but by a policy of “blood and iron”.’ In the light of this statements assess the contribution of Bismarck to the unification of Germany.

Q.7.Examine the causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and indicate its significance in world history.

Q.8. Analyse the factors leading to the end of the Cold War and account for the U.S. ascendancy in the world.

1. Ajanta 2. Bodh Gaya 3. Dholavira

4. Dwarka 5. Girnar 6. Hastinapur

7. Kanchipuram 8. Kosambi 9. Madurai

10. Malkhed 11. Mohanjodaro 12. Nalanda

13. Purushpur 14. Ropar 15. Sanchi

16. Sravanbelagola 17. Sravasti 18. Tanjore

19. Thaneswar 20. Varanasi

Q.2. Analyze the elements of urban civilization in the Harappan Culture. What factors were responsible for its decline?

Q.3. Examine the nature of the Mauryan State. Bring out the features of their administrative system.

Q.4. Examine the proficiency of the ancient Indians in various crafts, science and mathematics.

SECTION ‘B’

Q.5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words each on any three of the following topics:

a) Origin of the Bhakti Movement b) Babarnama as a source of history

c) Mansabdari System d) Consequences of the Third Battle of Panipat

Q.6. Discuss Balban’s concept of kingship. How was it modified by Alauddin Khalji?

Q.7. Trace the evolution of the religious views of Akbar. Write a note on his policy of Sulh-i-kul.

Q.8. Explain the principal features of architecture during Akbar’s rule. What changes were made in them by Shahjahan?

History-Paper II-2002

SECTION ‘A’

(MODERN INDIA)

Q.1. Comment on any three of the following statements in about 200 words each:-

a) ‘The verdict at Plassey was confirmed by the English victory at Buxar”.

b) “India broke her British fetters with Western Hammers”.

c) “Gandhi restrained mass movements, yet he retained his popularity among the masses”.

d) “The ideology of Subhash Chandra Bose was a combination of nationalism, fascism and communism”.

Q.2. “The rise and expansion of British empire was an accident rather than the result of a deliberate policy and design”. Critically examine this statement.

Q.3. “The recurring famines in the 19^th century were the inevitable consequence of the British policy and expose the real character of the paternal solicitude for the peasantry on the part of the British administration”. Examine this statement critically.

Q.4. Discuss the nature of the leadership and programme of the Congress Socialist Party.

a) ‘The Renaissance was the discovery of the world and of man”.

b) ‘If monarchical misrule ignited the French Revolution, lofty ideas both inspired and sustained it”.

c) ‘The Great Depression (1929-34) was attended by momentous consequences in the economic as well as in the political sphere’.

d) ‘One of the most important consequences of the Second World War was ‘division of Europe’, eastern and western’.

Q.6. “Napoleon kindled the national sentiment, but German unity was achieved by Bismarck”. Discuss.

Q.7. Examine the circumstances in China in the years 1945-49. What did the United States do to resolve the conflict between the Nationalists and the Communists there?

Q.8. Discuss the main factors leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

1. Ajmer 2. Ahmednagar 3. Allahabad

4. Badami 5. Bhubaneshwar 6. Chitrakuta

7. Chittor 8. Chandigarh 9. Dehradun

10. Dhara 11. Elephanta 12. Ellora

13. Guwahati 14. Hyderabad 15. Harappa

16. Indraprastha 17. Jagannathpuri 18. Kalyan

19. Kaveripattanam 20. Lothal.

Q.2. Analyse the causes of the success of the Magadhan imperialism upto the reign of Ashoka the Great.

Q.3. Did the triangular conflict between the Rashtrakutas, Gurjara Pratiharas and Palas create a political vacuum in northern India which facilitated the invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni?

Q.4. “The inferior cavalry of the Rajputs was not the only cause of their defeat at the hands of Turko-Afghans and Mughals”. Comment.

SECTION ‘B’

Q.5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words each on any THREE of the following topics:

a) The Vedanta of Sankaracharya

b) Hemu Vikramaditya

c) The zenith of Mughal Architecture under Shahjehan.

d) Savai Jai Singh, the astronomer.

Q.6. Assess the impact of the market reforms of Alauddin Khilji on contemporary economy and society.

Q.7. Evaluate the impact of the Sufi and Bhakti Movements on vernacular languages and life and thought of the common people.

Q.8. Were the Marathas restricted by their geopolitical limitations from becoming the paramount power of India?

a) ‘Dalhousie changed the map of India with speed and thoroughness no campaign could equal’.

b) ‘The tribal and peasant rebellion laid the foundation of the revolt of 1857’.

c) ‘The British industrial policy in the nineteenth century ruined the Indian handicrafts’.

d) ‘The Quit India Movement was a spontaneous revolt of the people against British rule’.

Q.2. Discuss the main features of the ‘Raiyatwari Settlement’ in South India. Did it satisfy the aspirations of the peasantry?

Q.3. Examine the economic and social factors which led to the rise of Indian nationalism in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Q.4. Jawaharlal Nehru was the architect of India’s policy of non-alignment. In the light of this statement discuss India’s relations with the two ‘Power Blocks’ between 1947-1964.

a) ‘Marxian Communism is primarily the offspring of German Hegelianism and French Socialism’.

b) ‘Bismarck created a new Germany with the policy of ‘blood and iron’.

c) ‘There was not only a difference of principles at Paris (Peace Conference) but a clash of personalities’.

d) ‘The decolonization led to the break-up of Empires’.

Q.6. ‘The Napoleonic Empire was doomed because of its inherent and self-defeating contradictions’. Elucidate.

Q.7. Trace the various stages of European imperialism in Africa in the nineteenth century.

Q.8. Discuss the aims of the establishment of the Arab League and asses its role in safeguarding the interests of the Arab nations.