Discuss the causes of Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the 16th century. (causation LEQ)
Discuss the social consequences that the Protestant Reformation had from 1517-1600.(periodization LEQ) 2001 Released AP European History Free Response Questions
Compare the motives of Martin Luther in the German States and King Henry VIII of England in bringing about religious change during the Protestant Reformation.(comparison LEQ)
The Printing Press “Revolution”
Johannes Gutenberg developed printing press mid 1400’s
Outcome: books affordable & available, literacy increased, jobs
Increased Communication
Essential Question
1. What problems in the church contributed to the Protestant Reformation?
Humanist Critics of The Church
Rabelais Condemned :
forms of church corruption
Condemned simony(the buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons)
Erasmus Believed :
Scriptures were a guide to life
true religion was a matter of inward sincerity and pious devotion
Church needed moral reforms
Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:
1. Urban lay people gained knowledge of the world through:
Travel : trade, pilgrimages
Postal System
Literacy/ Books
Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:
2. Distrust in Authority Figures & Institutions
Peasants sought social reform
Prosperous guilds supported Protestant Reform ( synonymous with Political reform)
Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:
3. Dissatisfaction with wealth of the church
30% of land in Europe was under Church Control/ Ownership
Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:
4. Questionable Church Practices:
Benefice System – ecclesiastical posts (Bishops, Abbots) sold to highest bidders
Simony–buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons
Indulgences– “Tickets to Heaven”
Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church:
5. Struggle for Power between Church vs. State (Pope and Kings)
Reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin, as well as religious radicals such as the Anabaptists, criticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice.
Varieties of Protestantism, Khan Academy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6ZsIyKHTNI
The Reformation Did Not Work in Italy Because:
1. The Pope was in Rome
2. Church was source of wealth for Italy
3. Italian Renaissance made Italy Prosperous
4. Germany had more liberal universities
The Peace of Augsburg ( Germany, 1555)
Ruler of a land will determine the land’s religion
"Cuius regio eius religio".
established after the Protestant princes of the Schmalkaldic League went to war against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.
Made the division of Christendom permanent
The Religious “Situation”, 1560
Essential Question:
Why Did Henry VIII of England break away from the Catholic Church?
Was the New church he established really Protestant?
How did Church of England change under his successors?
Protestant Reformation In Tudor England
Henry VIII (Tudor Dynasty)
separated from Catholic Church…
But not for religious reasons
Six Wives of Henry VIII
1. Catherine of Aragon (Divorced)
1st Husband Arthur (Henry’s brother)
Arthur died within 6 months of marriage
2nd Husband: Henry VIII (1509)
Married for 20 years
1 child: Mary I
Six Wives of Henry VIII
Henry wanted a divorce! No sons!
Pope’s Response: NO!
The Act of Supremacy (1534)
Henry declared himself head of church & state
The Trial of Queen Catherine of Aragon, 1909 by F. Salisbury
Henry VIII
Established Anglican Church, or Church of England
Confiscated church lands, destroyed monasteries
had to be Anglican to hold government job in England until the 19th century!
Both believed in strenghthening the authority of nobles
Henry VIII’S Children
1. Edward VI
Became King @ age 10
John Dudley took over legal guardianship (trouble began)
Died of tuberculosis at age 16
Henry VIII’S Children
Edward VI Laws:
1. Act of Uniformity (1549) : Book of Common Prayer, images and altars removed from churches
2. Second Act of Uniformity (1552): Revised Book of Common Prayer : Justification by faith, holy scripture, recognizes 2 sacraments (Baptism , Eucharist)
AKA: “Counter Reformation” in response to Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Series of meetings spread over 18 years
Location: Trent, Italy
1545-1547
1551-1552
1562-1563
Important Reforms:
1. Selling of church offices/indulgences prohibited
2. Authority of Local Bishops Strengthened
3. Seminary Requirement
Important Reforms:
4. 7 Sacraments re-affirmed
5. Clerical Celibacy re-affirmed
6. Veneration of Saints, relics, images re-affirmed
Counter Reformation, Khan Academy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6PUlTYnxLY
Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
Spanish Soldier
Cannon strikes his leg in battle 1521
Received last sacraments…
But survived
Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
Spanish Soldier hurt in battle - painful 9 month recovery
Read about lives of Saints
Decided to join monastery and become “ Soldier of Christ”
Ignatius of Loyola Wrote:
Spiritual Exercises- a month long program of prayers, meditations,contemplative practiceS
“As in all the following Spiritual Exercises, we use acts of the intellect in reasoning, and acts of the will in movements of the feelings: let us remark that, in the acts of the will, when we are speaking vocally or mentally with God our Lord, or with His Saints, greater reverence is required on our part than when we are using the intellect in understanding. “
Ignatius of Loyola
Established Jesuit order, or Society of Jesus in the 1530’s
Known for Missionary work all over world
Stressed Moral Self- Discipline & Education
St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)
At 17 knew she wanted to enter the convent
Father refused
Ran away & entered Carmelite Monastery in 1535
Teresa of Avila
Established the Order of the Discalced Carmelites
Wrote: Way of Perfection
Growth in prayer allows for a deeper relationship with God
Concept of “Interior Castle”
Teresa envisioned the soul as
“…a castle made of a single diamond . . . in which there are many rooms, just as in Heaven there are many mansions."
Baroque Art (1500’s-1700’s)
Originally established by Catholic Church
Meant to be :
1. Doctrinally Correct
2. Visually & Emotionally Appealing
3. Dramatic
Baroque Art
Baroque art & architecture promoted Catholic Church Doctrine
Developed in Rome
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Credited with inventing Baroque style
Originally sculptor
“Theatrical” works of art for churches, palaces, architectural projects
altarpiece
Bernini’s -The Ecstasy of St. Theresa (1645-1652)
Bernini – Baldachino (Inside St. Peter’s Basilica)
Michelangelo de Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew (1599-1600)
Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
Famous for altarpieces
And…
“history paintings”- mostly biblical
The Crucifiction
Catholic Counter Reformation:
1. Greater Clarity in Regards to Doctrine
2. New Orders established – good works, Missionary work
3. Spread of ideas & philosophy in writing
4. Greater importance placed on communion
5. The Emergence of Baroque art
6. Revived the church
Review of Protestant Reformation; Videos
Life Before the Protestant Reformation, Khan Academy
