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| Page | 5/8 | | Date | 17.11.2016 | | Size | 0.72 Mb. | | #1817 |
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Tables and Figures
TABLE 1: Percentage of Citizens Encountering Bribery by Sector by Country
Country
|
GDP per Cap
|
Educ
|
Legal
|
Health
|
Police
|
Reg & Perm
|
Tax
|
Tele
|
Elec
|
Water
|
Gas
|
Luxembourg
|
103.0
|
1.9
|
2.1
|
3.9
|
5.1
|
4.3
|
3.3
|
2.4
|
1.3
|
1.5
|
1.6
|
Norway
|
82.5
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.1
|
0.8
|
0.2
|
0.0
|
0.4
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
Iceland
|
64.2
|
0.1
|
1.7
|
0.5
|
0.9
|
0.7
|
0.2
|
0.5
|
0.2
|
0.3
|
0.0
|
Ireland
|
59.3
|
4.8
|
5.5
|
3.9
|
3.3
|
4.4
|
3.2
|
4.3
|
3.5
|
4.9
|
3.4
|
Denmark
|
57.1
|
1.6
|
1.1
|
1.3
|
2.1
|
1.1
|
1.0
|
2.0
|
0.9
|
1.3
|
1.4
|
Switzerland
|
56.2
|
0.6
|
0.8
|
0.7
|
2.1
|
0.2
|
0.4
|
0.6
|
0.2
|
0.3
|
0.8
|
Sweden
|
49.7
|
0.5
|
0.7
|
1.0
|
0.9
|
0.9
|
0.6
|
1.6
|
1.2
|
0.9
|
0.0
|
Netherlands
|
46.7
|
1.3
|
2.6
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
2.5
|
0.5
|
1.5
|
1.3
|
2.0
|
0.3
|
Finland
|
46.3
|
2.0
|
2.5
|
0.8
|
1.3
|
0.5
|
0.8
|
1.1
|
1.4
|
2.2
|
6.3
|
USA
|
45.6
|
1.7
|
4.7
|
1.7
|
1.8
|
2.3
|
1.9
|
1.5
|
0.9
|
1.4
|
0.6
|
UK
|
45.4
|
2.8
|
0.0
|
3.2
|
4.2
|
3.8
|
2.1
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
Austria
|
44.9
|
8.3
|
2.4
|
2.9
|
0.7
|
9.2
|
3.4
|
2.6
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
0.0
|
France
|
42.0
|
1.1
|
1.4
|
3.1
|
2.2
|
3.7
|
0.3
|
0.6
|
0.5
|
0.6
|
0.0
|
Canada
|
40.3
|
0.9
|
0.7
|
1.5
|
1.1
|
0.9
|
0.2
|
0.8
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.3
|
Singapore
|
36.4
|
1.8
|
1.0
|
1.5
|
0.0
|
1.4
|
0.0
|
0.4
|
0.4
|
0.0
|
1.3
|
Japan
|
34.3
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.6
|
0.8
|
0.5
|
0.4
|
0.3
|
0.4
|
0.4
|
0.0
|
Spain
|
32.0
|
0.7
|
1.7
|
0.5
|
0.0
|
1.5
|
0.5
|
5.0
|
1.2
|
0.4
|
1.1
|
Hong Kong
|
29.9
|
3.8
|
6.3
|
2.4
|
4.3
|
2.6
|
3.5
|
2.9
|
3.3
|
3.6
|
2.3
|
Greece
|
28.0
|
2.8
|
6.2
|
22.1
|
2.1
|
8.0
|
7.9
|
2.1
|
4.0
|
2.4
|
2.9
|
S. Korea
|
21.7
|
1.0
|
3.2
|
0.4
|
2.0
|
0.3
|
0.6
|
0.3
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
Portugal
|
21.0
|
1.1
|
2.3
|
1.9
|
6.3
|
2.2
|
1.5
|
3.8
|
1.8
|
1.3
|
1.8
|
Czech Republic
|
16.8
|
3.7
|
8.8
|
8.3
|
10.9
|
13.1
|
2.4
|
2.3
|
2.1
|
2.0
|
2.2
|
Croatia
|
13.2
|
1.5
|
4.4
|
5.6
|
5.6
|
1.7
|
0.5
|
0.3
|
0.4
|
0.9
|
0.7
|
Lithuania
|
11.5
|
2.9
|
7.0
|
12.1
|
19.9
|
4.6
|
1.2
|
0.9
|
1.0
|
0.8
|
0.4
|
Poland
|
11.1
|
1.7
|
4.2
|
8.7
|
9.7
|
2.8
|
0.5
|
0.8
|
1.1
|
0.8
|
0.8
|
Russia
|
9.1
|
20.1
|
11.9
|
10.3
|
25.8
|
9.7
|
5.0
|
1.9
|
3.5
|
1.7
|
2.8
|
Turkey
|
9.0
|
5.4
|
4.5
|
3.8
|
16.6
|
4.9
|
1.6
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.0
|
2.5
|
Venezuela
|
8.3
|
13.9
|
27.6
|
16.5
|
16.3
|
29.9
|
6.3
|
3.2
|
6.5
|
5.8
|
7.1
|
Romania
|
7.7
|
11.1
|
10.4
|
17.4
|
9.9
|
10.6
|
3.3
|
1.5
|
1.9
|
2.6
|
1.5
|
Malaysia
|
7.0
|
1.7
|
5.3
|
2.1
|
30.3
|
1.9
|
0.0
|
1.6
|
1.4
|
1.5
|
0.4
|
Argentina
|
6.6
|
0.0
|
3.4
|
1.1
|
15.7
|
9.4
|
0.6
|
2.1
|
1.4
|
1.9
|
2.1
|
South Africa
|
5.9
|
3.9
|
7.1
|
2.9
|
11.2
|
5.4
|
1.1
|
2.2
|
2.6
|
2.3
|
0.9
|
Panama
|
5.8
|
13.9
|
21.6
|
12.3
|
32.7
|
14.4
|
19.6
|
10.4
|
11.7
|
11.2
|
13.2
|
Serbia
|
5.4
|
5.4
|
6.8
|
12.4
|
17.5
|
2.6
|
2.4
|
4.0
|
2.6
|
1.5
|
0.0
|
Bulgaria
|
5.2
|
2.8
|
12.9
|
9.8
|
21.5
|
1.8
|
1.2
|
0.0
|
0.3
|
0.3
|
0.0
|
Dominican Rep.
|
4.2
|
6.8
|
18.7
|
4.7
|
41.2
|
19.8
|
5.8
|
2.8
|
10.4
|
4.7
|
7.5
|
Bosn. & Herz.
|
4.0
|
5.3
|
10.0
|
9.8
|
13.0
|
2.3
|
1.3
|
1.1
|
0.9
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
Macedonia
|
3.9
|
5.4
|
9.5
|
7.9
|
8.7
|
6.5
|
3.6
|
0.5
|
1.7
|
1.3
|
3.4
|
Peru
|
3.8
|
8.3
|
25.9
|
4.1
|
42.4
|
11.7
|
5.8
|
4.7
|
3.4
|
4.7
|
0.7
|
Thailand
|
3.5
|
3.3
|
14.3
|
2.4
|
27.1
|
8.6
|
3.4
|
1.1
|
1.9
|
0.8
|
0.0
|
Albania
|
3.5
|
12.5
|
32.7
|
20.6
|
18.1
|
11.9
|
12.4
|
11.2
|
12.9
|
8.5
|
5.2
|
Maldives
|
3.5
|
18.0
|
12.2
|
19.3
|
20.7
|
10.2
|
8.8
|
4.4
|
4.6
|
4.5
|
5.0
|
Ukraine
|
3.1
|
22.8
|
27.2
|
26.1
|
44.3
|
11.9
|
13.3
|
1.9
|
2.1
|
2.9
|
3.2
|
Guatemala
|
2.5
|
4.7
|
5.6
|
1.6
|
25.8
|
5.4
|
0.0
|
2.3
|
2.6
|
3.1
|
1.4
|
Indonesia
|
1.9
|
8.8
|
10.3
|
3.8
|
59.7
|
40.2
|
0.0
|
2.1
|
6.1
|
1.9
|
0.6
|
Philippines
|
1.6
|
15.9
|
12.1
|
20.7
|
24.0
|
17.1
|
7.9
|
5.2
|
4.4
|
2.9
|
1.3
|
Bolivia
|
1.4
|
21.5
|
38.6
|
9.4
|
56.0
|
16.5
|
15.8
|
6.0
|
5.8
|
5.9
|
13.5
|
Nigeria
|
1.1
|
17.1
|
16.7
|
5.4
|
65.9
|
25.2
|
34.8
|
4.4
|
35.3
|
1.7
|
5.8
|
Cameroon
|
1.1
|
47.4
|
19.2
|
40.1
|
47.6
|
25.3
|
27.8
|
6.2
|
18.0
|
14.2
|
5.8
|
India
|
1.0
|
23.8
|
40.6
|
16.3
|
66.5
|
51.3
|
9.5
|
14.5
|
17.2
|
13.0
|
11.7
|
Senegal
|
1.0
|
7.8
|
17.4
|
11.9
|
43.3
|
27.7
|
18.5
|
1.4
|
7.3
|
3.6
|
4.3
|
Pakistan
|
0.9
|
16.5
|
31.9
|
21.2
|
55.7
|
37.3
|
36.6
|
20.0
|
43.4
|
23.4
|
16.3
|
Ghana
|
0.7
|
9.5
|
9.6
|
4.8
|
48.4
|
21.1
|
8.4
|
3.0
|
8.1
|
3.1
|
0.3
|
Source: 2007 Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer and Corruption Perceptions Index
Note: Sector scores represent reported bribery requests per contact; Columns color-coded by quartile; GDP per Capita measured in thousands of USD
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TABLE 2: Public Sector Wages Relative to Private Sector Wages, 1990s
|
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Men
|
Women
|
Bolivia
|
-0.17*
|
0.01*
|
Brazil
|
0.02
|
-0.08*
|
Chile
|
-0.025
|
0.17
|
Colombia
|
0.16
|
0.27
|
Costa Rica
|
0.17
|
0.47
|
Ecuador
|
0.30
|
0.26
|
El Salvador
|
0.27
|
0.67
|
Guatemala
|
-0.045
|
0.40
|
Honduras
|
0.01
|
0.60
|
Mexico
|
0.11
|
0.23
|
Nicaragua
|
-0.02
|
0.02
|
Panama
|
0.11
|
0.49
|
Paraguay
|
0.11
|
0.28
|
Peru
|
0.05
|
0.11
|
Dominican Republic
|
-0.37
|
0.23
|
Uruguay
|
-0.015
|
-0.04
|
Venezuela
|
-0.001
|
0.27
|
Note: * = Significant at 1%
Source: Panizza (2000), table A2; surveys from various dates in the 1990s
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