| /ENGLISH
(Eng-112)
TEXT BOOK, GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION
For the students of first year
D.A.E. (All Technology)
Written by:
Mr.Habib-Ur-Rehman
Assistant professor G.C.T. Sahiwal.
Mr. Zia Sarwar
Assistant professor G.C.T. Lahore.
Reviewed by:
M.Zafar Iqbal Khokhar
Associate professor G.C.T. Sargodha.
Mr.Zahid Zaho.
Assistant professor G.C.T. Sahiwal.
(According to the prescribed syllabus)
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2
3
Eng.-112 ENGLISH
Total contact hours Theory Practical
64 0
AIMS. At the end of the course, the students will be equipped
with cognitive skill to enable them to present facts in a
systematic and logical manner to meet the language
demands of dynamic field of commerce and industry for
functional day-to-day use and will inculcate skills of readings,
writing and comprehension.
COURSE CONTENTS
ENGLISH PAPER "A"
1. PROSE/TEXT 16 hours
1.1 First eight essays of Intermediate English Book-II.
2. CLOZE TEST 4 hours
2.1 A passage comprising 50-100 words will be selected from
the text. Every 11th word or any word for that matter will be
omitted. The number of missing words will range
between5-10.The chosen word may or may not be the one
used in the text, but it should be an appropriate word.
ENGLISH PAPER "B"
3. GRAMMAR 26 hours
3.1 Parts of speech
3.2 Sentence Structure
3.3 Punctuation
3.4 Change of Narration
3.5 One word for several
3.6 Words often confused
4. COMPOSITION
4.1 Letters/Messages
4.2 Job application letter
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4.3 Essay writing
Technical Education, Science and Our life,
Computers, Environmental Pollution, Duties of a
Student.
5. TRANSLATION 4 hours
5.1 Translation from Urdu into English.
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Contents
Topic
Page
1. Intermediate English Book II
7 to 52
(1 to 8 Lessons)
Questions and answers-Synonyms-
Paragraphs for Cloze test
i. The Dying Sun
53
ii. Using the scientific method
57
iii. Why boys fail in college
61
iv. End of term
65
v. On destroying books
68
vi. The man who was a hospital 72
vii. My financial career
76
viii. China's way to progress
80
2. Grammar
Parts of speech 84
Sentence structure 113
Punctuation 119
Change of narration 127
One word for many 142
Words often confused 148
3. Composition
Business letters 158
Applicarions 166
Sample letters 172
4. Essay writing 176
Technical education -Science and our life -Environmental
pollution -Computer -Duties of a student
5.Tenses and translation (from Urdu into English) 184
6
THE DYING SUN
Sir James Jeans
A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth.
but most of them are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths
could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there
we find an immense star large enough to contain millions and millions
of earths. And the total number of stars in the universe is, probably
something like the total number of grains of sand on all the seashores
ofthe world. Such is the littleness of our home in space when
measured up against the total substance of the universe.
These millions of stars are wandering about in space. A few
form 'groups which journey in company, but most of them travel
alone. And they travel through a universe so immense that it is very,
very rare event indeed for one star to come anywhere near to another.
b
b
ccr the most part each star makes its voyage in complete loneliness,
like a ship on an empty ocean. In a scale model in which the stars are
ships. the average ship will be well over a million miles from its
nearest neighbour.From this it is easy to understand why a star seldom
finds another anywhere near it.
We believe, however, that some two thousand million years
ago this rare event took place, and that an other star, wandering
blindly through space, happened o come near the sun. Just as the sun
and moon raise tides on the earth, so this second star must have raised
tides on the surface of the sun. But they would he verydifferent from
the little tides which the small mass of the moon raises in our oceans;
an immense tidal wave must have travelled over the surface of the
sun, at last forming a mountain so high that we can hardly imagine it.
As the cause of the disturbance came nearer and nearer, the mountain
would rise higher and higher.
And before the second star began to move away again, its tidal
pull had become so powerful that this mountain was tom to pieces and
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threw off small parts of itself intospace. These small pieces have been
going round the sun ever since. They are the planets, great and small,
of which our earth is one.
The sun and the other stars we see in the sky are all extremely
hot "-far too hot for life to exist on them. So also no doubt were the
pieces of the sun when they were first thrown off. Gradually they
became cooler, until now they have very little heat of their own left,
their warmth coming almost entirely from the radiation which the sun
pours down on them. ln course of time one of these cooling pieces
gave birth to life. we don't know how, when or why this happened It
started in simple organisms, whose living power consisted chie?y in
their being able to reproduce themselves before dying. But from these
humble beginnings came a stream of life which, growing ever more
and more complex, has in the end produced beings whose lives are
largely centred in their feelings and ambitions, their sense of beauty,
and the religions in wihch lie their highest hopes and noblest desires.
Although we cannot speak with any certainty, it seems most
likely that the human race came into existence in some such way as
this. Standing on our little gain of sand, we try to discover the nature
and purpose of the universe which surrounds our home in space and
time. Our first feeling is something like fear. We find the universe
frightening because of the stretches of time so great that we cannot
imagine them, making the whole of human history so very small in
comparison, frightening because of our extreme loneliness, and
because of the littleness of our home in space -a millionth part of a
grain of sand out of all the sea-sand in the world. But above all else,
we find the universe frightening because we cannot find any sign that
life like our own exists any where in it except on the earth. Indeed, for
the most part, empty space is so cold that all life in it would be frozen.
Most of the matter in space is so hot as to make life on it impossible.
Life does not seem to have any part in the plan of the universe which
produced our planetary system. Calculation shows that there can be
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only very few such systems in space. Yet, so far as we can see, life of
the kind we know on earth can exist only on planets like the earth. It
needs suitable physical conditions for its appearance, the most
important of which is a temperature at which substances can exist in a
liquid state.
The stars themselves are far too hot for this. We may think of
them as a collection of fires scattered through space, providing
warmth in surroundings where the temperature is at most some four
degrees above absolute zero, that is, about 484 degrees of frost on the
Fahrenheit scale. In the immense stretches of space beyond the Milky
Way, it is colder still. Away from the fires there is this un-imaginable
cold of hundreds of degrees of frost; close up to them there is a
temperature of thousands of degrees, at which all solids melt, all
liquids boil.
Life can exist only in a narrow belt surrounding each of these
fires at a certain distance where the temperature is neither too hot nor
too cold. Outside these belts life would be frozen; inside it would be
burnt up. A rough calculation shows that such temperature belts,
within which life is possible, all added together, make up less than a
thousand million millionth part of the whole of space. And even
inside the life must be very rare, for it is extremely unusual for suns to
throw off planets as our sun has done. Probably only one star in
100,000 has a planet going round it at right distance for life to be
possible on it.
NOTES
Words Explained:
pack :
put into box, parcel, etc.; put things into box, etc., get
or become crushed into small space. I must pack my
suitcase (fill with articles) before the taxi comes to
take me to the station.
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spare :
do without, let another have, give what is not needed.
She told the robber to take her money but to spare (not
to take) her life. Can you spare the beggar a rupee? We
have a spare bed for visitors. -Have you a spare shirt to
lend me?
average :
number got by the addition of separate numbers and
division of this by a number of such numbers; what is
normal or representative. His work is about average, or
below or above average.
rare :
seldom, not often.
radiation :
giving out rays of light or heat; coming out as rays in
all directions from middle point.
organism :
living body having parts dependent upon one another.
reproduce
increasing number of one's sort by having offspring.
complex :
not simple, hard to get clear or straight complex
machinery, complex argument, complex sentence.
planetary :
of planets; planet, a star moving round the sun.
space :
that in which all physical things have their being. A
space of hundred yards. We should have enough space
between the houses. In open space.
calculation :
something worked out by mathematics; decision as to
effect event, by balancing reason, etc. A calculating
machine; a rough calculation.
Milky Way : the galaxy, the shining countless stars and nebulae
stretching across the night sky.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1.
How is it that a star seldom finds another star near it?
2.
What happened when, according to Sir James Jeans, a
wandering star, wandered through space, came near the sun.
3.
What happened when the wandering star came nearer and
nearer?
4. What are planets and how did they come into existence?
5. Why is there no life on the stars?
6. Write a note on the beginning of life on the earth.
7. Why is the universe, of which our earth is part, so frightening?
Give as many reasons as you can.
8. What, in your opinion, should be the coonditions necessary,
for the kind of life we know to exist on other heavenly bodies? Do
such conditons generally exist?
.....
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11
USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Darrel Barnard & Lon Edwards
All of us have benefited greatly_ from the use of scientific
method in solving 'problems such as those dealing with the
maintenance of health, the production and preservation of foods, the
construction of our homes, and the improvement in communication
and transportation. Not only have our ways of living changed, but
people themselves have also been changed. Today we are better able
to explain happenings which used to be considered strange and
mysterious. Although there is still need for improvement, we are now
generally, less fearful than our fathers and grandfathers were. We are
also more critical in our thinking than our ancestors.
This lesson should help you understand how the use of
scientific method has improved living conditions and changed people.
It should also help you understand how you can make better use of the
scientific method in your everyday living.
Better Control of Disease. If you had been born two hundred
years ago, you would have had about one chance in eight of living to
be one year old. In other words, in those days about seven out of eight
babies died before reaching their first birthday. Suppose you had been
an unusually strong little fellow and had lived through that first year.
Very likely, before you were six years old, you would have had
smallpox, and by the time you reached the age of twelve, you would
undoubtedly have had measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever, and
diphtheria. Even then your battle for life was not over. Yellow fever,
malaria," typhus, cholera, typhoid fever, and even influenza, once
started, spread through a community. Life was most uncertain. A
person who lived to be more than thirty years of age was indeed
fortunate. lt is unbelievable that such conditions could have existed so
short a time ago. Today babies are born in hospitals where there is
little likelihood of their getting a disease. Young people are treated to
protect them against smallpox, diphtheria, and typhoid fever. Today a
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person can expect to live to be almost seventy years old. In other
words, more than thirty years have been added to the expected length
of man's life. -These changes have been made possible by use of the
scientific method to solve such problems as the causes of disease and
its prevention.
Better Sanitary Conditions. It is difficult to imagine what
sanitary conditions in some of our larger cities were like only one
hundred years ago. Into the narrow, unpaved, and poorly drained city
streets household garbage and other refuse were thrown. Animals
wandered through the streets, feeding upon the garbage. Outdoor
toilets were common, many of them situated where human wastes
drained into wells from which people obtained drinking water.
Today our city streets are paved and .well drained, and they
are cleaned regularly. It is against the law to throw garbage in the
streets. Sewage from all sections of a city is carried through sealed
pipes to disposal plants. Through the use of the scientific method it
has been demonstrated that unsanitary conditions cause the spread of
diseases like typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery. Today most city
governments have departments of sanitation which keep the cities
clean and thereby prevent the spread of certain diseases.
A century ago it was common practice in many cities by the
bucketful for household use. Water had to be carried considerable
distance from the well to the home. It was, therefore, used very
sparingly cleaning purposes. Often it came from sources that
contained disease-producing germs.
Towns and cities today have water systems that usually
provide enough for household use. One of the most important
problems in growth of cities has been to provide sufficient water to
meet the many needs of an increasing population. Los Angeles has
solved the problem by bringing water to the city from Colorado River,
544 kilometers away. Carried through a pipeline or aqueduct, a
thousand million liters of water are delivered to the district daily. This
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is a remarkable advance from the bucket system of supplying homes
with water.
More Food and Better Food. Changes have taken eating
habits. Through the use of science we have learned that it is healthful
to eat many kinds of food, and we have learned how to provide
ourselves with a variety of foods throughout the year. People who
lived a century ago probably enjoyed eating as much as we do today,
but they could not have as many different kinds of foods. Most of
their foods had to be produced on their own farms or in their own
gardens. Since fresh vegetables could be obtained only during the
growing season, people living in cold climates had none during the
winter months. Thrifty housewives preserved their home grown
vegetables and fruits by canning, pickling, or drying them for use
during the cold weather. Meats were preserved by salting and drying
or by freezing when the weather was cold enough. Sea foods were
generally available only fish along the coast, fish and shell-fish could
be eaten soon after they were caught.
Regardless of where people live today, they can obtain some
fresh fruits, meats and vegetables throughout the year. By the
quick-freeze method, vegetables, fruits, sea foods, and meats of
various kinds can be preserved so that they are both nutritious and
enjoyable. Modern methods of selecting, grading, and processing
foods have removed the risk or danger of poisoning from canned
foods, dehydration, or the removal of water from such foods as milk,
eggs, potatoes, and apples, has proved a practical method of
preservation.
Our eating habits are not the only things in our lives changed
by the use of science. Because we have used science to learn more
about the processes and materials in our surroundings and about the
methods of controlling them, we have been able to improve our ways
of building houses, our methods of communication and transportation,
and even the way we spend our leisure time.
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Better Attitudes. By an attitude we mean the way we feel
toward some idea or some event. If a person believes that wearing
some kind of charm will prevent him from having bad luck, he will
wear the charm, and will feel uncomfortable without it. Feelings
which involve fears such as this are called superstitions. Superstitious
people believe in signs of good or bad luck, and their lives are greatly
-influenced by such signs.
Superstitious beliefs are being overcome by using the
scientific method to demonstrate that there is no sound basis for them.
Few people today believe that diseases are caused by evil spirits.
Though astrology and fortune-telling are still practiced, they do not
influence the lives of as many people as they once did. It has been
learned that there is always a good natural reason for everything that
happens to people. As a result, most people no longer fear black cats,
broken mirrors, and the number 13.
By the scientific method it has been demonstrated that ideas
are not necessarily true because they have been believed for a long
time. Ideas must now be supported by facts in order to be acceptable
to the scientist or to people who use the scientific method.
The discoveries of scientists have helped people develop an
attitude of open mindedness. They are more willing to look for new
truths than to assume that what has been considered true will always
be true. Because people have had to change their old ideas as a result
of new discoveries made by scientists, they are less likely to accept
conclusions as final.
NOTES
Words Explained:
maintenance :
keep going in good condition. The train
maintained a speed of 50 miles per hour. She has
to maintain a large family.
15
communication : act of getting in touch with, act of imparting
news or giving information. Communication
between these two villages is slow.
transportaion : act of taking persons, goods from one place to
another.
prevention : prevent is to keep things from taking place, or
persons from doing.
Sanitary : clean, healthy.
drain : waterway for taking ,off water.
garbage : food etc., put out as waste.
refuse : waste material.
outdoor toilet : easing oneself in the open.
human waste: waste material sent out by human bodies.
Sewage : matter conveyed in sewers
nutritious : with high food value.
use sparingly : economically, with great care, as little as
possible.
delivered : supplied. The postman delivers our letters at 8
a.m
thrifty : careful in the use of money and goods.
housewife : woman controlling household, woman keeping
house.
canning : getting food tinned
pickling : keeping meat good by salt: and vinegar.
grading : putting in order, in grade.
processing : putting goods "through some process, or way of
making.
leisure : time free from work
charm : words, acts or things credited with strange
powers.
sign : omen
astrology : observation of the stars in the belief that their
motion has effect on man's life.
open-mindedness : willingness to accept new ideas, a liberal
outlook.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. How has the scientific method helped us in our fight against
diesease?
2. Write a note on the better sanitary conditions available in our
cities today and compare them with what they were like a
hundred years ago.
3. What are the sanitary conditions like in our villages today and
how would you improve them?
4. How has the scientific method helped us in the production and
preservation of foods?
5. We are now generally less fearful than our ancestors. What
were our ancestors afraid of?
6. How has the scientific method enabled us to- get over the old
fears?
7. What part did astrology play in the lives of men and women in
the past? Give examples.
8. Describe some of the superstitious still current in our
country.How do they affect the lives of those who believe in them?
....
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WHY BOYS FAIL IIN COLLEGE
Herbert E. Hawkes.
Of the boys who do not reach their natural academic boundary
during the course of their college career, but who fail to get through, |