1 Use your dictionary or another source to check the meanings of the highlighted phrases.
B Read the Hadford University handout.
10.1 Vocabulary
B Read the Hadford University handout.
10.1 Vocabulary
substance abuse
repetitious use
social responsibilities
harmful effects
tolerance symptoms
withdrawal symptoms
behavioural disorders
taking a drug or chemical substance inappropriately or in excess
making use of something habitually
obligations to contribute to the community (work, study, look after the family)
damaging consequences
the need to increase the stimulus or behaviour in order to obtain the same satisfaction
the negative emotional and physical effects of removing the object of an addiction
psychiatric illnesses that are characterized by abnormal behaviour
2 Which are the stressed syllables in each phrase? Which two phrases have the same stress pattern?
B Read the Hadford University handout.
10.1 Vocabulary
substance abuse
repetitious use
social responsibilities
harmful effects
tolerance symptoms
withdrawal symptoms
behavioural disorders
Oo oO
ooOo O
Oo oooOoo
Oo oO
Ooo Oo
oOo Oo
oOoo oOo
Substance abuse and harmful effects have the same stresspattern.
10.1 Vocabulary
C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent?
Internet addiction
1 A man is sitting at a computer and chatting online. It’s three o’clock in the morning. He may be suffering from an addiction to the Internet.
10.1 Vocabulary
Compulsive shopping disorder
2 A woman returns home with a lot of new clothes in her shopping bags. She probably doesn’t need any more clothes. She may be suffering from a behavioural disorder.
C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent?
10.1 Vocabulary
Mobile phone addiction
3 A young man is busy sending a text message during a lecture. He may have an addiction to mobile phone .
C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent?
10.1 Vocabulary
Gaming addiction
4 Two young children are playing a video game. They may be suffering from an addiction to gaming.
C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent?
10.1 Vocabulary
Eating disorder
5 This shows a very thin woman, almost a skeleton. She may be suffering from an eating disorder like bulimia (eating, followed by vomiting), or anorexia (not eating enough).
C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent?
10.1 Vocabulary
Kleptomania
6 A man is in a shop stealing small, inexpensive objects that he probably doesn’t need. He may have kleptomania.
C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent?
D Study the words in box b.
10.1 Vocabulary
1 Check the meanings, parts of speech and stress patterns.
2 Put the words into the correct box in the table below, as in the example.
Many common words in English are ‘neutral’, i.e., they do not imply any view on the part of the writer or speaker. However, there are often apparent synonyms which are ‘marked’. They show attitude, or stance.
Recognizing ‘marked’ words
Vocabulary bank
Examples:
Internet use rose by 15% last year. (neutral)
Internet use soared by 15% last year. (marked)
Soared implies that the writer thinks this is a particularly big or fast increase.
When you read a sentence, think: Is this a neutral word, or is it a marked word? If it is marked, what does this tell me about the writer’s attitude to the information?
When you write a sentence, particularly in paraphrasing, think: Have I used neutral words or marked words? If I have used marked words, do they show my real attitude/the attitude of the original writer?
Extend your vocabulary by learning marked words and their exact effect.
Recognizing ‘marked’ words
Vocabulary bank
Examples:
Neutral
Marked
go up, rise, increase
soar, rocket
go down, fall, decrease
sink, plummet, plunge
say, state
assert, maintain, claim, argue, allege
eat, drink
binge, gorge, indulge
habitual
compulsive, obsessive, uncontrollable
D Study the words in box b.
10.1 Vocabulary
1 Check the meanings, parts of speech and stress patterns.
2 Put the words into the correct box in the table below, as in the example.
Neutral
Marked
rise, increase
fall, decrease
big, large, high
good
small
’rocket, soar (v)
co’llapse (v and n), ’plummet (v), ’tumble (v and n)
In an academic context, writers will usually indicate the level of confidence in information they are giving. There is a strong tendency also for writers to be tentative when stating facts.
Recognizing levels of confidence in research or information
Vocabulary bank
Examples:
It appears to be the case that … / This suggests that … (tentative)
The evidence shows that … / It is clear that …(definite/confident)
When you read a ‘fact’ in a text, look for qualifying words before it, which show the level of confidence.
Recognizing levels of confidence in research or information
Vocabulary bank
100% ***
definitely true. The writer is very confident
75% **
probably true. The writer is a little tentative
50% *
possibly true. The writer is very tentative
X caused Y
X probably/is likely to have caused Y
X may/might/could have/possibly caused Y
E Read the extract from the newspaper article.
1 Use a marked word in place of each of the italicized (neutral) words.
10.1 Vocabulary
It’s generally accepted that Internet use has risen recently because of the large expansion of networks across the world. Undoubtedly, this is the cause of a big increase in the number of Internet addicts.
We probably all know someone at work, or amongst our friends, who can’t resist the urge to spend all night playing games or chatting on the Internet, even when it’s clear that they’ll be too tired in the morning to carry out the smallestof their daily tasks.
enormous/huge/massive
rocketed/soared
most insignificant/least significant
extraordinary/tremendous
E Read the extract from the newspaper article.
1 Use a marked word in place of each of the italicized (neutral) words.
10.1 Vocabulary
We can also be fairly sure that their performance levels at work or school will decrease.
In psychological journals, it has been suggested that Internet addictions may fall into the category of impulse control disorders, which could also include other behavioural disorders, such as kleptomania.
plummet/tumble
2 Look at the bold phrases. How strong or confident are they?
10.1 Vocabulary
Very confident
Fairly confident
Tentative
( = not confident)
It’s generally accepted that
Undoubtedly
We probably all know
it’s clear that
We can also be fairly sure
it has been suggested
may
could
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E Read the extract from the newspaper article.
✓
A Study the sentence on the right. Each phrase in box a could go in the space. What effect would each one have on the base meaning? Mark from *** = very confident to * = very tentative
10.2 Reading
10.2 Reading
A Study the sentence on the right. Each phrase in box a could go in the space. What effect would each one have on the base meaning? Mark from *** = very confident to * = very tentative
Word/phrase
Rating
Words which show less than 100% confidence
probably caused
may have contributed to
was possibly one of the factors which contributed to
could have been a factor which led to
caused
seems to have caused
* *
* *
*
*
*
* * *
probably
may contributed (i.e., there were other reasons)
possibly one of the factors (i.e., there were several factors) contributed
could a factor (i.e., there were other factors)
seems
—
B Survey the text on the opposite page.
10.2 Reading
Teaching tips:
Remind students that surveying the text means scanning and skim-reading to get an approximate idea of the text contents. They should:
look at the title
look at the first few lines and the final few lines of the text
look at the first sentence of each paragraph
1 What will the text be about?
2 Write three research questions.
C Read the text. Does it answer your questions?
10.2 Reading
Teaching tips:
Set for individual work followed by pairwork discussion.
D Answer these questions.
1 What is the connection between peyote and enlightenment?
Peyote produces hallucinations which are similar to visions, and
may result in new perceptions.
2 Why did some of the Romantic poets take opium?
To stimulate their imagination and creativity.
3 Which addictions are the result of modern technology and lifestyles?
Internet addiction, eating disorders, compulsive shopping.
10.2 Reading
D Answer these questions.
4 How do substance dependencies differ from behavioural addictions?
Substance dependencies cause physiological damage as well as psychological and social harm.
5 Does Griffiths accept that Internet addiction exists?
Griffiths thinks that the majority of Internet addicts may be using the Internet to compensate for other disorders.
6 How do the results of the Korean research differ from those of China?
The Korean research found that 86% of Internet addicts had other psychiatric disorders, but in China, Internet addiction was recognized as a specific disorder.
10.2 Reading
E Find the phrases in box b in the text. Is the writer confident(C) or tentative(T) about the information which follows?
10.2 Reading
E Find the phrases in box b in the text. Is the writer confident(C) or tentative(T) about the information which follows?
10.2 Reading
Without doubt, drug addiction is not a modern phenomenon.
It is important to recognize that although addictive behaviour is often associated with the abuse of chemical substances like drugs and alcohol, it is not necessarily confined to these.
Many writers these days seem to agree that it can include compulsive shopping, eating, playing video games and chatting on online social networks.
… it could be claimed that there is a major difference.
… it can be argued that excessive usage in a majority of cases appears to be purely symptomatic …
… this analysis is largely supported by recent research carried out in the Republic of Korea, …
… where research has identified massive levels of Internet addiction.
C
C
C
C
T
T
T
T
F Look at the writer’s description of Internet addiction in China (para. 5). 1 Underline the marked words.
10.2 Reading
However, it must be noted that a decidedly different view has been adopted in China, where research has identified massive levels of Internet addiction. At a recent conference, Tao Ran, Ph.D., Director of Addiction Medicine at Beijing Military Region Central Hospital, revealed that ‘13.7% of Chinese adolescent Internet users meet Internet addiction diagnostic criteria – about 10 million teenagers’ (Block, 2008, p. 306). These extraordinary figures have led the Chinese government to introduce innovative ways to control online gaming for young people, details of which were published in an article in the People’s Daily (2007).
F Look at the writer’s description of Internet addiction in China (para. 5). 2 What does the choice of these words tell you about the writer’s opinion of the levels of Internet addiction in China?
10.2 Reading
The choice of words emphasizes the high numbers of young people with Internet addiction in China and gives the impression that the writer is concerned about them. The writer clearly approves of the ways the Chinese government is controlling online gaming, and thinks that their solution is creative and original.
10.2 Reading
Marked word
Neutral alternative
decidedly
massive
extraordinary
innovative
very
significant, high
high, unexpected
new
F Look at the writer’s description of Internet addiction in China (para. 5). 3 Find neutral words to use in their place.
G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B.
10.2 Reading
Example:
1 Divide sentences A and B into small parts, as in the example sentence.
2 Underline any joining words (e.g., conjunctions).
B
A
Identifying the parts of a long sentence
Long sentences contain many separate parts. You must be able to recognize these parts to understand the sentence as a whole. Mark up a long sentence as follows:
Locate the subjects, verbs and objects/complements and underline the relevant nouns, verbs and adjectives.
Put a dividing line:
at the end of a phrase which begins a sentence
before a phrase at the end of the sentence
between clauses
Put brackets round extra pieces of information.
Skills bank
Identifying the parts of a long sentence
Example:
In recent years, young women have become increasingly preoccupied with their body image, in some cases even following life-threateningdietary regimes in order to match the size and shape of excessively thin fashion celebrities.
Skills bank
In recent years, | young women have become (increasingly) preoccupied | with their body image, | in some cases | (even) following life-threatening dietary regimes | in order to | match the size and shape of (excessively) thin fashion celebrities.
G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B.
10.2 Reading
1 Divide sentences A and B into small parts, as in the example sentence.
2 Underline any joining words (e.g., conjunctions).
B
A
Whereas| drug abuse | involves | ingesting substances| that | have a direct effect on brain function | and | cause |physiological,| as well as | psychological harm, | behavioural addictions | have | only psychological and social consequences.
However,| it must be noted | that | a decidedly different view | has been adopted | in China, | where | research | has identified | massive levels of Internet addiction.
10.2 Reading
G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B. 3 Find the subjects, verbs, objects/complements and adverbial phrases which go together.
Subject noun phrases
Verb phrases
Object/complement
noun phrases
Adverbial phrases
Example
Although drug dependency and impulse control disorders such as obsessive texting
may be considered
similar
it
appears that
there
is
a major difference.
A
Whereas drug abuse
involves
ingesting substances
that
have
a direct effect
on the brain function
and cause
physiological, … harm,
behavioural addictions
have only
psychological …consequences
10.2 Reading
G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B. 3 Find the subjects, verbs, objects/complements and adverbial phrases which go together.
Subject noun phrases
Verb phrases
Object/complement
noun phrases
Adverbial phrases
Example
Although drug dependency and impulse control disorders such as obsessive texting
may be considered
similar
it
appears that
there
is
a major difference.
B
However, it
must be noted that
a decidedly different view
has been adopted
in China,
where research
has identified
massive levels of Internet addiction.
10.2 Reading
A
G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B. 4 Make several short simple sentences which show the meaning.
Drug abuse involves ingesting substances.
Substances have a direct effect on the brain function.
Substances cause physiological harm.
Substances cause psychological harm.
Behavioural addictions have psychological consequences.
Behavioural addictions have social consequences.
B
A different view has been adopted in China.
Research has identified massive levels of Internet addiction.
A Read the three essay questions. What types of essay are they?
10.3 Extending skills
1 Description and evaluation.
2 Definition, analysis and evaluation.
3 Description, analysis, then comparison and evaluation/argument/opinion,
plus support.
B Look at text A on the opposite page. Copy and complete Table 1.
10.3 Extending skills
Situation
Research method 1
Research method 2
Comparison of
1 & 2
Two studies of body weight, diet and eating disorders.
10.3 Extending skills
Table 1
B Look at text A on the opposite page. Copy and complete Table 1.
Rizvi, Stice & Agras’ study: participants – postpartum women; data collection method – self-reporting questionnaire + Eating Disorder Inventory, Body Mass index; results – (i) abnormal dieting patterns decreased over time, (ii) scores in body dissatisfaction increased
Heatherton, Mahamedi, Striepe and Keel’s field study: participants – college students, age 20–22; data collection method - assessment and EDI; results – risk of eating disorder decreases with maturity
Rizvi study – self-reporting and questionnaire results conflicted; limitation – only one gender, only two data sources, recent childbirth affected results. Heatherton study – assessment → results clear; limitation – only two data sources
C Look at text B on the opposite page. Copy and complete Table 2. How do Koran’s criteria for addiction match those described by Griffiths?
10.3 Extending skills
C Look at text B on the opposite page. Copy and complete Table 2. How do Koran’s criteria for addiction match those described by Griffiths?
10.3 Extending skills
Table 2
Proposition
Supporting point 1
Supporting point 2
compulsive buying is a psychiatric disorder.
compulsive buyers obsessed with urge to buy unnecessary items
compulsive buyers suffer distress and conflict with social responsibilities
Koran’s criteria match Griffiths’ criteria of: salience, tolerance and conflict with social functions.
D Look again at the methods described in Exercise B (Table 1). What are their possible advantages and disadvantages?
10.3 Extending skills
Data Collection Methods
Advantages
Disadvantages
Self-reporting
Questionnaires & assessments
responses reflect individual perceptions
easy to apply
standardized questions
objective responses easy to convert to statistics
questions may not apply to individual participants
responses may not be accurate
interpretation of statistics may be affected by researcher bias
subjective
may be inconsistent/inaccurate
interpretation may be affected by researcher bias
E Read the title of essay 3 again. 1 Make a plan for this essay.
10.3 Extending skills
Introduction
Examples of ideas
Body
eating disorders ➔ changes over time
In this essay, I will discuss two studies of eating disorders …
I will illustrate/describe … (examples)
I will consider … (the research methods)
Finally, I will suggest … (the most effective method)
Para 1: situation/problems
(general)
eating disorders – defined by DSM-IV = binge eating, fasting and strict dieting
young women most commonly affected
research into evolution of disorder over time (evidence – Rizvi, Heatherton)
Para 2:
study 1
(specific example)
Rizvi’s study – participants – postpartum women; data collection method – Eating Disorder Inventory + 2 questionnaires; baseline – after childbirth + 6-year follow-up; results – binge eating, fasting and dieting patterns decreased, but increases in scores of body dissatisfaction
introduce the topic area
give the outline of the essay
10.3 Extending skills
Introduction
Examples of ideas
Body
Conclusion
Heatherton, Mahamedi, Striepe, Field, and Keel’s study – participants – college students, age 20–22, both genders; data collection method – 2 assessments + 10-year follow-up; results – risk of eating disorder decreases for women over time
Para 4:
evaluation of research methods
1. Rizvi’s study – results inconsistent; limitation: sample – women only – recent childbirth may have affected results.
2. Heatherton study – clearer results; sample homogeneous in age + both genders – BUT results over-simplified? (evidence – Keel’s 20-year study)
Para 3:
study 2
(specific example)
In my view/As I see it, the best option is … because …
Firstly …
Secondly …
Thirdly …
E Read the title of essay 3 again. 1 Make a plan for this essay.
10.3 Extending skills
Para 1
Para 2
Para 3
Para 4
Eating disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) as disorders that involve disturbances of body perception and eating patterns.
In contrast, Heatherton’s study focused on the body perceptions and eating patterns of college students over ten years.
Rizvi’s study investigated changes in the attitudes and eating behaviours of a group of postpartum adult women over a period of six years.
The results of Rizvi’s and Heatherton’s studies differed significantly.
E Read the title of essay 3 again. 2 Write a topic sentence for each paragraph in the body of the essay. 3 Write a concluding paragraph.
Possible topic sentences
A Expand these simple sentences. Add extra information. Use the ideas in Lesson 10. 3.
10.4 Extending skills
1 Eating disorders include binge eating.
Eating disorders, as defined by DSM-IV, include binge eating, which is a pattern of excessive eating followed immediately by vomiting.
2 Young women are most commonly affected.
Taking into account the current fashion for thinness, it is not surprising that young women represent the social group most commonly affected by eating disorders.
3 Research has been carried out to trace changes in eating patterns.
In order to develop more effective treatments for eating disorders, research has been carried out to trace shifts in eating patterns and attitudes to body image from adolescence to adulthood.
A Expand these simple sentences. Add extra information. Use the ideas in Lesson 10. 3.
10.4 Extending skills
4 The study by Rizvi et al. produced inconsistent results.
Rizvi et al.’s (1997) study produced inconsistent results, showing that although abnormal eating patterns decreased over time, body dissatisfaction increased.
5 The study by Heatherton et al. produced clearer results.
Heatherton et al.’s (1998) study produced clearer results, possibly because the age group of the sample was restricted.
B Look at text C on the opposite page. Copy and complete Tables 1–3.
10.4 Extending skills
See Skills bank
Writing a bibliography/reference list
Skills bank
The APA (American Psychological Association) system is probably the most common in the social sciences. Information should be given as shown in the following source references for a book, an Internet article and a journal article. The final list should be in alphabetical order according to the family name of the writer.
Author
Date
Title of book
Place of publication
Publisher
Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A. J., & Reisburg, D.
(2006).
Psychology
New York:
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Writing a bibliography/reference list
Skills bank
Writer or organization
Date
(or ‘n.d.’)
Title of Internet article
Date of retrieval
Full URL
PsychNet.UK.
n.d.
Kleptomania.
Retrieved September
12,2009,from
http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/kleptomania.htm
Author
Date
Title of article
Title of journal
Volume and page numbers
Keel, P. K., Baxter, M. G., Heatherton, T. F., & Joiner, Jr., T. E.
(2007).
A 20-year longitudinal study of body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
116(2), 422-432
10.4 Extending skills
Author(s)
Place of publication
Date of publication
Publisher
Gross, R.
Oxford
2005
Hodder Arnold
Table 1
B Look at text C on the opposite page. Copy and complete Tables 1–3.
no date (used in a reference list if there is no date – as is often the case with web articles)
the work already referred to
page
pages
volume
E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page.
10.4 Extending skills
1 Find all the research sources (e.g., Gross, 2005, p. 125).
2 Mark the page numbers for the books next to the correct reference in the list (C) on the opposite page.
3 What punctuation and formatting is used before and within each direct quote? Why?
4 What words are used to introduce each direct quote? Why does the writer choose each word?
Quote
Source
Punctuation/formatting before/with-in each direct quote
Introducing phrase + reason for choice
‘xxx’.
10.4 Extending skills
E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page.
‘the persistent and repetitious enactment of a behaviour pattern’
page 125 of Gross, R. (2005).
Psychology: The science of mind and behaviour. Oxford: Hodder Arnold.
According to Walters
(1999) addiction can
be defined as,
reason: what follows is
a definition
Quote
Source
Punctuation/formatting before/with-in each direct quote
Introducing phrase + reason for choice
‘xxx’.
48 words
new line, indented
five spaces
10.4 Extending skills
E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page.
page 249 of Griffiths, M. (1999). Internet addiction: fact or fiction?
The Psychologist, 12(5), 246–251.
Griffiths (1999)
questions whether …
reason: what follows is
an argument
Taking all the case study and survey evidence together, it can be argued that excessive usage in a majority of cases appears to be purely symptomatic (i.e., the Internet is being used as a tool to engage in other types of rewarding behaviour, like being in a relationship).(op.cit. p. 249)
Quote
Source
Punctuation/formatting before/with-in each direct quote
Introducing phrase + reason for choice
,‘xxx’(ref).
10.4 Extending skills
E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page.
page 306 of Block, J. J. (2008).
Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction. American Journal of
‘13.7% of Chinese adolescent Internet users meet Internet addiction diagnostic criteria – about 10 million teenagers’ ...
Quote
Source
Punctuation/formatting before/with-in each direct quote
Introducing phrase + reason for choice
，, ‘xxx.’
10.4 Extending skills
E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page.
page 1806 of Koran, L. M., Faber, R. J., Aboujaoude, E., Large, M. D., & Serpe, R. T. (2006). Estimated Prevalence of Compulsive Buying Behavior in the United States. TheAmerican Journal of Psychiatry, 163(10), 1806.
His criteria for defining
compulsive buyers included,
reason: this is a definition
‘being frequently preoccupied with buying or subject to irresistible, intrusive, and/or senseless impulses to buy;
frequently buying unneeded items or more than can be afforded; shopping for periods longer than intended;’
Quote
Source
Punctuation/formatting before/with-in each direct quote
Introducing phrase + reason for choice
‘xxx’
10.4 Extending skills
E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page.
page 1806 of Koran, L. M., Faber, R. J., Aboujaoude, E., Large, M. D., & Serpe, R. T. (2006). Estimated Prevalence of Compulsive Buying Behavior in the United States. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(10), 1806.
Koran (ibid.) also outlined the negative
effects of compulsive
buying as,
reason: Koran is
quoting the results of
previous research
‘marked distress, impaired social or occupational functioning, and/or financial problems’.
10.4 Extending skills
E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page.
Correct versions are:
Atkinson, R.L., Atkinson, R.C., Smith, E.E., & Benn, D.J. (1990). Introduction to Psychology (10th Ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Pervin, L.A., Cervone, D., & John, O.P. (2005). Personality: Theory and research (9th Ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shafran, R. (1999). Obsessive compulsive disorder. The Psychologist, 12 (12), 588-591.
Walters, G.D. (1999). The addiction concept: working hypothesis or self-fulfilling prophecy. Needham Heights, MA: Alleyn and Bacon.
