In the 21st century the rate of the applications of the new inventions in different areas are very fast. It is not always possible to reach the pace of technological developments by the pace of social and moral considerations relating to them.
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
In the 21st century the rate of the applications of the new inventions in different areas are very fast. It is not always possible to reach the pace of technological developments by the pace of social and moral considerations relating to them.
This is especially very important in engineering and bio-sciences, medicine.
We are in need of ethical awareness!!!
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We are in need of ethical awareness because;
“From a good decision can benefit millions, while an unethical one can cripple our future.”
(http://www.globalethics.org)
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
“... Human can easily be guided and used by the globalized, made globalized technology. Technology is swallowing the people who have planned and made it. Technology is leading and we are following it...”
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
“... Human can easily be guided and used by the globalized, made globalized technology. Technology is swallowing the people who have planned and made it. Technology is leading and we are following it...”
Ahmet İnam (2007)
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Aykut Köker, (2008)
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
“... An engineer must know and must be aware of that, the final goal in producing or generating the engineering innovations are for the
Happiness of people,
Increase the societal welfare and the quality of indivudual life,
...Awareness of the social responsibility is the only bridge which will carry the engineer from being only a professional to being human.“
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Content
Introduction
Definitions
Cases (1&2)
3rd Case: Challenger
Engineering Ethics
Codes of Ethics
Codes of Ethics for Engineers
History
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Content (cont’d)
Engineering Ethics and Engineering Design
Ethical Theories
4th Case: Bhopal Disaster
5th Case: Mercedes
METU Honor Code
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Aritotoles defines ethics, as ”science dealing with character”.
It is the science studying ideal human character and activities.
Definitions
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“Ethics is the attempt to understand our personnel and social experiences in a systematic way.”*
*Akın Ergüden, Notlar, 2000.
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“Ethics” is about how we meet the challenge of doing the right thing when that will cost more than we want to pay”.*
As engineers these definitions apply to all of their choices, including those made while practicing.
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ENGINEERING and MORALITY
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
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“As an engineer we mean, to be aware of engineering ethics. Engineer recalls me also ethics; they don’t have different meanings. “....If something that you do, is not ethical, this is anyway, something that does not fit engineering... To override ethical codes must be understood something like, you violate the second law of thermodynamics.”
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
“As an engineer we mean, to be aware of engineering ethics. Engineer recalls me also ethics; they don’t have different meanings. “....If something that you do, is not ethical, this is anyway, something that does not fit engineering... To override ethical codes must be understood something like, you violate the second law of thermodynamics.”
Ahmet İnam (2007)
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Engineers must be aware of
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Environmental Problems
3R’s: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Energy (Bio-mass)
Global warming
Food
SET for Sustainable Development
e-learning
Computers increase 2 times in 2 years.
Ethics in using them !!!
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Engineers must Shape their Mind for Peace
Morality,
Tolerans, Mutual Respect
Human Rights/ Justice
Dialogue/Debate
Equity, Effordibility, Accessibility, Quality, Sufficiency(Knowledge and Morality)
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Engineers must consider:
“What ever you search for, you can find it in yourself.”
”Her ne arasan kendinde bulacaksın.” Hacı Bektaş Veli
The importance and effect of any mass depends not only to itself but also to the interaction of it with its surroundings.
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Chagal, 1908 “I and My Village.”
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
1st Case : Ford Pinto*
On August 10, 1978, a Ford Pinto was hit from behind on a highway in Indiana. The impact of the collision caused the Pinto’s fuel tank to rupture and burst into flames, leading to the deaths of three teenage girls riding the car.
Ford was charged in a criminal court for the deaths of the passengers and found negligent.
The gas tank design was flawed and was not in line with accepted engineering standards, even though it did meet applicable federal safety standards at the time.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
1st Case : Ford Pinto (cont’d)
Ford engineers were aware of the dangers of this design.
Management, concerned with getting the Pinto to market rapidly at a price competitive with others, had constrained the engineers to use the design.
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1st Case : Ford Pinto (cont’d)
The dilemma faced by the design engineers who worked on the Pinto was to balance
the safety of the people who would be riding the car against
the need to produce the Pinto at a price that would be competitive in the market.
the expenditure of millions of dollars in defending lawsuits,
payments to victims and
uncountable costs in lost sales due to bad publicity.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
2nd Case : A Case from Turkey
1999 Turkey experienced one of the greatest disasters of the 20th century.
Buildings badly and wrongly constructed caused the deaths of thousands.
A similar earthquake occured in Japan recently (7.3) resulted in 0 number of deaths with 28 injured people.
WHY?
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
3rd Case: Challenger (1986)
Space shuttle Challenger was designed to be reusable launch vehicle.
A key aspect of the booster design are the joints where the individual cylinders come together.
The joints are sealed by two O-rings. The O-rings which are made from synthetic rubber are designed to prevent hot gases from the combustion of the solid propellant from escaping.
Previously the O-rings were found to be inadequate and redesigned causing delays in the program.
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3rd Case: Challenger (cont’d)
The political climate:
NASA budget was determined by Congress who was unhappy with the delays of the shuttle.
European Space Agency was developing what seemed to be a cheaper alternative to the shuttle.
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3rd Case: Challenger (cont’d)
NASA felt pressure to get the Challenger launched on time so that the next shuttle launch was to carry a probe to examine Halley’s comet before Russians launch.
President Reagan was planning to mention the shuttle and a special astronaut-the first teacher in the space- Christa McAuliffe before the upcoming state-of-the-union address.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
3rd Case: Challenger (cont’d)
The days before the launch
The first launch date was postponed due to cold front expected to move through the area.
Again another cold front was expected with temperatures predicted to be in the low 20’s(oF) by the new launch time.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
3rd Case: Challenger (cont’d)
Night before the launch
14 engineers at Morton Thiokol had unanimously and vigorously voiced opposition to the launch.
They warned that temperatures at the launch site were below the tested safety range. Low temperatures could make O-rings, which form part of the seals between segments of the booster rockets, less pliable and cause them to fail.
Moreover engineers were aware of a history of concern over these seals, which had shown alarming erosion in previous launches and were already being redesigned.
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3rd Case: Challenger (cont’d)
During the teleconference, Roger Boisjoly and Arnie Thompson, two Thiokol engineers who had worked on the solid-propellant booster design, gave an hour-long presentation on how the cold whether would increase the problems of joint rotation and sealing of the joint by the O-rings.
However, they did not have enough verified experimental data.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
3rd Case: Challenger (cont’d)
Project managers were disagreed with engineers due to inconclusive data. With the available data there seemed to be no correlation between temperature and the degree to which blow-by gasses had eroded O-rings in previous launches.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
3rd Case: Challenger (cont’d)
The Launch:
Contrary to weather prediction
the overnight temperature
was 8oF.Due to the
extremely low temperature
the O-ring didn’t seat
properly.
The shuttle exploded soon
(73 sec.) after lift off in Jan. 1986.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
3rd Case: Challenger (cont’d)
The Aftermath:
Roger Boisjoly handed over the reports detailing the design process to the investigation commission. His actions hurt the efforts of Thiokol. He was isolated in the company . Eventually, he took extended sick leave.
Roger Boisjoly took direct action to force the attention of management to the issue and this specifically resulted in AAAS award for his efforts to avert the Challenger explosion.He is now lecturing on ethics in Universities. Many of the managers of NASA and of Thiokol have been changed or retired by time. The launch schedule originally intended by NASA has never been met.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
3rd Case: Challenger (cont’d)
The horror of the Challenger accident brought the organizational deficiencies out into the open. It serve as a reminder that
communication and ethics are
crucial components to such an organization.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
The point here is due to the position of Boisjoly, his ability to influence the management was poor. Poor response of Thiokol and of NASA resulted in disaster.
This example demonstrates how courage, honesty, and concern for safety is implemented in engineering practice.
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Engineering Ethics
Engineering Ethics
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Engineering Ethics
Engineering ethics is the study of
moral issues and
moral decisions
confronting individuals and organizations engaged in engineering.
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Engineering Ethics (cont’d)
“Whenever engineers do anything that imparts the lives of anyone- their choices of action are based on ethics.
In these choices engineers apply their
own moral standards,
mindful of the legal requirements,
using their personal code of ethics
to make the decision.”*
*R. Turton, R.C. Bailie, W.B. Whiting and J. A. Shaeiwitz, Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall, 1998.
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Engineers are problem solvers.
.
Quantitatively, engineering is the profession, that affects all of our lives in the greatest extent.
The skill of a surgeon’s hands affects one patient at a time, the judgement of a design engineer can influence hundreds of lives at once.
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The concept of “Engineering ethics” is an interdisciplinary discipline involving philosophy, engineering, social sciences, law and management sciences.
Engineering Ethics (cont’d) (Last word)
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Engineering Ethics versus Engineering Design
The types of problem solving techniques, and the nature of the answers bear resemblances with design.
In both cases there are many correct solutions. Some are better than others.
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Engineering Ethics versus Engineering Design (cont’d)
Both apply a large body of knowledge to the solution of a problem.
Both involve the use of analytical skills.
Approaches to the problems and the ultimate solution will be very similar.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Use of Ethical Theories
In order to develop workable ethical problem-solving techniques, we must look at several theories of ethics in order to have a framework for decision making.
The relatively large number of theories reflects the complexity of ethical problems and the diversity of approaches that have been developed over the centuries.
GG3 Great Greeks: Aristoteles, Socrates, Plato
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Ethical Theories (cont’d)
1. Utilitarianism-
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
defined as balance between good and bad. Account the consequences for everyone
affected. Those actions are good that serve
to maximize human well-being
like cost-benefit analysis.
most benefit to the most people.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Ethical Theories (cont’d)
2. Duty ethics [Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)]
3. Right ethics [John Locke(1632-1704)].
They are similar.
Moral duties such as be honest, don’t cause suffering to other people, be fair to others etc are our duties these are universal principles. Once our duties are recognized the ethical actions are obvious.
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Ethical Theories (cont’d)
4. Virtue ethics:
Virtue ethics focuses on
responsibility, honesty,
competence and loyalty.
Actions are considered right if they support good character virtues.
Virtue ethics is closely tied to personnel character, but cannot be separated from business morality.
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Which theory to use?
In solving ethical problems, we can use all of them
to analyse a problem from different angles
to see what result each of the theories gives us.
Frequently, the result will be the same even though theories are very different.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
“There are really only two important points when it comes to ethics.
The first is a standard (code) to follow.
The second is the will to follow it.”*
*J.C. Maxwell, Bussiness Ethics, 2003
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Code of Ethics
Aim is to prevent the mistakes to be done, and to serve as a guide for the profession in order to serve to humanity in a better way.
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Code of Ethics
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Express the rights, duties and obligations of the members,
Provide a framework for ethical judgement for a professional,
Express commitment to ethical conduct shared by members,
Define roles and responsibilities of professionals.
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in performance of their professional duties.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.
3. Engineers shall issue statements or present information only in an objective and truthful manner.
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The Fundamental Canons (cont’d)
4. Act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and avoid conflicts of interest.
5. Engineers shall build their professional reputations on the merits of their services.
6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity and dignity of the profession.
7. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their carriers, and provide opportunities for the professional development of those under their supervision.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
“When in Rome, do as Romans do.”
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
4th Case: The Disaster at Bhopal
December 2, 1984 a leak developed in a storage tank at a Union Carbide chemical plant in Bhopal, India.
Tank contained 10 000 gallons of MIC (methyl isocyanide).
The leak sent a toxic cloud of gas over the surrounding slums of Bhopal, resulting in the death of over 2000 people and injuries over 200 000 more.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
4th Case: The Disaster at Bhopal (cont’d)
The leak was attributed to the accidental pouring of water. Water reacts very vigorously with MIC, causing heating of the liquid.
Mixing of water with MIC increased the temperature of the liquid in the tank to 4000F causing MIC to vaporize, leading to a build-up of high pressure within the tank.
When internal pressure became high enough, a pressure-relief valve opened, leaking MIC vapors into the air.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
4th Case: The Disaster at Bhopal (cont’d)
As many of the disasters and accidents there was not just one event that led to the disaster, but rather there were several factors.
A major factor in this accident was the curtailment of plant maintenance as part of a cost-cutting effort.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
4th Case: The Disaster at Bhopal (cont’d)
1. The MIC storage tank had a refrigeration unit on it, which should have helped to keep the tank temperatures closer to normal. However, this had stopped working five months before the accident and hadn’t yet been repaired.
2.The tank was equipped with a alarm that should have alerted plant workers to the dangerous temperatures: this alarm was improperly set, so no warning was given.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
4th Case: The Disaster at Bhopal (cont’d)
3. The plant was equipped with a flare tower, which was designed to burn vapours before they enter atmosphere, and would have been able to reduce, if not eliminate, the amount of damage. The flare was not functioning.
4. Finally, a scrubber that was used to neutralize toxic vapours was not activated until the vapour release was already in progress.
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4th Case: The Disaster at Bhopal (cont’d)
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
The plant designers clearly did their job. BUT;
The management of the plant seems obviously negligent.
Union Carbide also seems negligent in not preparing a plan for notifying and evacuating the surrounding population in the event of an accident.
Such plans are standard in USA.
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4th Case: The Disaster at Bhopal (cont’d)
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Indian government is also blamed not to put some safety standards.
Local government had no policy or zoning forbidding squatters and others from living so close to a chemical plant.
The bulk of the blame goes to UC for failure to adequately train and supervise its Indian employers in the maintenance and safety procedures that are taken for granted in similar plants in USA.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
4th Case: The Disaster at Bhopal (cont’d)
As a result:
UC paid over $250 billion for the lawsuits on behalf of the victims of the accident.
UC also helped set up job training and relocation programs for the victims of the accident.
Ultimately, it has been estimated that approximately 10 000 of those injured in the accident will suffer some form of permanent damage.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
This case in engineering ethics shows us the importance of the safety of the workers and the environment no matter where the place is.
In order for a project to be completed successfully, cooperation among team members is essential.
An accident took place between a bus (Mercedes) and a tanker.
49 people died.
Reason: Design of the shelter and the number of hammers were not same as others designed for European countries.
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
“...Hem bilim, hem bilimin uygulanması olan teknoloji, hem toplum, hem ekonomi, ve üstelik buna estetik ve kültürel boyutu da kattığınız zaman, mühendislik mesleğinin gerçekten 21. Yüzyılda, belki önümüzdeki yüzyılda da dünyayı dönüştürmeye en yakın aday olabilecek bir meslek olduğunu düşünüyorum…”
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Ahmet İnam, Cumhuriyet Newspaper,Sci.& Tech. Suppl. 29 Feb. 2008
“There is no such thing as
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
“There is no such thing as
Business Ethics”
There is only ONE RULE for making Decisions.”
J.C. Maxwell
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GOLDEN RULE
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
“In such a case what do I want them to do on me?”
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
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PLAGIARISM:
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
“PLAGIARISM is using, presenting or submission of someone else’s ideas or phrasing without clearly acknowledging the source of that information (that is without any citation or credits) and representing those ideas or phrasing as our own, either on purpose or through carelessness.”
http://webster.commnet.edu/mla/plagiarism.htm
http://education.indiana.edu/~frick/plagiarism
http://www.georgetown.edu/honor/plagiarism.htm
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PLAGIARISM:
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
One form is a word-to-word copying of someone else’s work, in whole or in part, without acknowledgment, whether that work be a magazine article, a portion of a book, a newspaper piece, another student’s essay, or any other composition not your own.
A second form of plagiarism is the acknowledged paraphrasing of the structure and language of another’s person’s work, changing a few words of another’s composition, omitting a few sentences or changing the order. If such borrowing or paraphrase is ever necessary, the source must be indicated by footnotes.
Another form of plagiarism consists of writing a paper based solely on the ideas of another. Even though the language is not the same, if thinking is clearly not your own, then you have committed plagiarism
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Examples of Plagiarism:
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Original in the source:
“Two fundamentally different types of models of anomalous mental phenomena have been developed: those that attempt to order and structure the raw observations in experiments (i.e., phenomenological model) and those that attempt to explain these phenomena in terms of modifications to existing physical theories (i.e., fundamental models).” *
*May, Utts & Spottiswoode, 1995: 197
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Examples of Plagiarism:
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
How it looks in student paper:
There are two fundamentally different models of anomalous mental phenomena developed: those that attempt to order and structure the raw observations in experiments (i.e., phenomenological model) and those that attempt to explain these phenomena in terms of modifications to existing physical theories (i.e., fundamental models). These two models play a role in differentiating the people’s behaviour patterns.
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Examples of Plagiarism:
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Sample Correct version:
“Two fundamentally different types of models of anomalous mental phenomena have been developed: those that attempt to order and structure the raw observations in experiments (i.e., phenomenological model) and those that attempt to explain these phenomena in terms of modifications to existing physical theories (i.e., fundamental models)”(May, Utts & Spottiswoode, 1995: 197). These two models play a role in differentiating the people’s behaviour patterns.
Note that those taken word-to-word are given in ” ... ”.
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
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Examples of Plagiarism:
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Lifting small parts and scattering them:
How it looks in the student paper:
Two different types of models of anomalous mental phenomena have been developed: phenomenological model and fundamental models. These two models play a role in differentiating the people’s behaviour patterns.
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
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Examples of Plagiarism:
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Sample correct version:
May, et al. (1995) state that two models have been formed for anomalous mental phenomena, which are “phenomenological model” and “fundamental model”. These two models play a role in differentiating the people’s behaviour patterns.
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SUGGESTIONS FOR AVOIDING PLAGIARISM :
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Consult your instructor/supervisor
Learn about the accepted referencing style in your department/faculty
Start early
When reading, make notes and references all the time
Keep a notebook for your own ideas
Always make a reference when you take information from a source.
Always make a reference when you paraphrase or summarise
Cite any type of source you use .
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Every member of METU community adopts the following honour code as one of the core principles of academic life and strives to develop an academic environment where continuous adherence to this code is promoted.
METU HONOR CODE
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Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
Engineering Ethics, C. Özgen
"The members of the METU community are reliable, responsible honourable people who embrace only the success and recognition they deserve, and act with integrity in their use and presentation of facts, data and documents."
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Engineering Pledge
(1954 by NSPE to be used in Graduation Ceremonies)
As a Professional Engineer, I dedicate my professional knowledge and skill to the advancement and betterment of human welfare
I pledge:
To give the utmost of performance;
To participate in none but honest enterprise;
To live and work according to the laws of man and the highest standards of professional conduct;
To place service before profit, the honour and standing of the profession before personal advantage, and the public welfare above all other considerations.
In humility and with need for Divine Guidance, I make this pledge.
