1. State two ways reformers tried to stop the sale
of intoxicating liquors in the United States.
> prohibition (18th amendment)
> temperance reformers
2. Analyze the two maps. What can be concluded
regarding prohibition?
under the 18th amendment, many states became “dry” and followed prohibition laws
DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers
Document H
1. What is “the ballot”? refers to the right to vote
2. Why does Jane Addams say that it is
necessary for women to get the ballot?
women’s votes were necessary to elect people who would support social reforms. Addams apparently thought women were more interested in social issues like health and education than men were
DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers
Document H
In the photo the sign being displayed reads, “Mr.
President, How Long Must Women Wait For
Liberty?” The protesters were standing in front of
the White House. Was this a good way for women
to fight for the vote? Why or why not?
many would say that it is a very American way to get one’s opinion across. Peaceful protests that draw attention have been used by reformers to move Presidents and leaders into action. At the time, however many felt it was not proper for women to protest so boldly. But these brave women did so anyway even though many made fun of them.
3. Reforming the economy. Some criticized the vast wealth
amassed by industrialist and the treatment of workers
Journalists called “muckrakers” published stories about
business corruption and unfair practices.
Making businesses more efficient and profitable.
Scientific management and the adoption of goods
enabled factories to increase production.
Progressives also reformed politics at the local and state levels. Reform mayors routed corruption out of Detroit and Cleveland, among other cities. Wisconsin Governor Robert M. LaFollette took steps to regulate businesses in his state. Reformers managed to pass laws in almost every state to ban child labor and limited the number of hours women could work. Reformers passed laws requiring the use of secret ballots in elections and allowing voters to remove elected officials from office. The Seventeenth Amendment allowed for voters to elect senators directly.
Muckrackers
Temperance
Suffragettes
Popul
ists
Labor
Unions
Civi l Rights
The Origins of Progressivism
Overview of Progressivism Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFlOLyMwnjU
The Origins of Progressivism
Reformers struggled to make government more responsive to the people
they sought to restore economic opportunities to ALL Americans
they wanted to correct injustices in American life
progressive governors passed state laws to regulate railroads, mines, mills, telephone companies, and large businesses.
protected working children- legislation passed to ban child labor
limits on working hours– no more than ten hours a day
provided workers’ compensation- help for families of workers killed or hurt on the job
reforming elections
Initiatives = a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers
Referendums = vote on the initiative
Recall = enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it
direct election of Senators (17th Amendment)- Senators no longer appointed by state legislature
Mueller v. Oregon
1908 - Mueller v. Oregon
Louis D. Brandeis (assisted by Florence Kelley and Josephine Goldmark) argued poor working women were much more economically insecure than large corporations.
they asserted that women’s protection is required by the state against powerful employers.
Mueller v. Oregon confirmed that labor laws designed to protect women specifically are constitutional, even while ruling that similar laws for men are not.
Supreme Court rationale that was used to rule that the Oregon state law limiting women’s working hours was legal because women are the only gender able to have children (hence the state is justified in creating laws to protect them).
other states used this to limit women’s working hours to ten a day.
Effects of Mueller v. Oregon
Positive Results
Women empowered to organize into unions
increased job training for women
gave legal focus and direction (renewed women’s liberation movement)
Essential Question
How did Prohibition fit into the reformation movement?
On the nation’s farms, women continued to play the vital roles they had filled earlier. They helped with the farm’s crops and animals as well as cooking, cleaning, sewing, and child rearing. Many urban women who lacked education joined the work force by becoming servants. African-Americans and unmarried immigrant women often used this route to employment. At the turn of the century, one in five American women held jobs outside the home; 25 percent worked in manufacturing. Half of them toiled in the garment industry. With the growth of business, more and more women worked in offices as stenographers and typists. As a result, more women sought high school educations to train for these jobs.
Chapters in Brief
Many middle- and upper-class women joined groups aiming to promote culture. The number of women’s colleges grew, and many who graduated from these colleges joined the reform movements. Major goals of these movements were making workplace and home safer. The National Association of Colored Women helped African Americans by creating nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens.
Many women joined in the efforts to seek the right to vote, or suffrage. Spearheading the effort was the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Wyoming in 1869, became the first state to grant this right to women. Some other western states followed suit. Another effort failed when the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not guaranteed women the right to vote. Women pushed for an amendment to the Constitution granting suffrage, but for the first two decades of the 1900s, it did not pass.
Women in the Work Force
Women’s Role in the Work Force
pre-Civil War many middle-class women stayed home (expectation to be mothers)
farm women took care of household duties and farm work
Industry Women
20% of women worked in 1900
textile jobs (clothing production) were the most common factory jobs for women
most women who held these jobs were single
women also began to fill jobs that required a high school education (offices, classrooms, stores)
many women without education did domestic work, such as cleaning for other families.
Women Lead Reform
Dangerous conditions, low wages, and long hours led many female industrial workers to push for reform
Women and Reform
uneducated laborers started efforts to reform workplace health and safety
women were not allowed to vote or run for office - female reformers strove to improve conditions at work and home
Susan B. Anthony was one of the leading proponents of woman suffrage
Suffrage: the right to vote
Women and Reform
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Women Suffrage Associate (NWSA)
Women suffrage faced constant opposition:
liquor industry feared women would vote for prohibition
textile industry worried women would vote for stopping child labor
men feared the new roles of women
Three-Part Strategy for Suffrage
try to convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote
pursue court cases to test the 14th Amendment
tried to vote over 150
times in ten states
push for a national constitutional amendment to grant women the vote
constantly introduced and voted down
Essential Question
How did Susan B. Anthony help the cause of women?
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section
When President William McKinley was killed in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became president. He showed great energy and bold decision making and won publicity. He launched a program of reforms called the “Square Deal.” With his vigorous leadership, he changed the presidency. Roosevelt thought that a more complex American society needed a powerful federal government. He intervened in a bitter 1902 coal strike to lead both sides to an agreement. He had the government sue business trusts to improve competition. He pushed through laws increasing government’s power to regulate railroads. His actions during a Pennsylvania coal strike set a precedent of government intervention when a strike threatened public welfare. After reading a book, The Jungle, that exposed poor sanitary practices in the meatpacking industry, Roosevelt gained passage of the Meat Inspection Act. The Pure Food and Drug Act banned food processors from adding dangerous chemicals to food or from making false claims regarding medicines. Roosevelt also took steps to
Chapters in Brief
preserve the nation’s wild natural areas. Roosevelt, though, did not back civil rights for African Americans. So black leaders, plus some white reformers, formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 to push for full racial equality.
became famous at the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba
signed treaty to build the Panama Canal
1st American to receive the Nobel Peace Prize
shot in 1912 while campaigning (saved by a book in his pocket)
1st President to visit a foreign country while in office
wrote several books
A Rough-Riding President
leader in New York politics
New York City Police Commissioner
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
Rough Rider = volunteer cavalry brigade acclaimed for his role in the battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba
Governor of New York
Vice President of the United States
became president after President McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo
A Rough-Riding President
some biographical facts about
Teddy Roosevelt
at the time of his election, Roosevelt was the youngest President of the United States
he was 42 at the time of his inauguration
he was an active President, and enjoyed boxing (blinded in left eye), and horseback riding (galloped 100 miles just to show he could)
he thought that the federal government was responsible for the national welfare
he though the common people should get a “Square Deal”
Election of 1904
Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” was his program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business
Using Federal Power
Roosevelt was convinced that modern America required a powerful federal government
Roosevelt had a renewed focus on trust-busting
Roosevelt did not see all trusts as bad
many trusts lowered their prices to drive competitors out of the market and then took advantage of the lack of competition to jack prices higher
Roosevelt wanted to stop trust actions that hurt the people
Using Federal Power
1. What do the lions stand for?
Answer: the lions represent the powerful business men who run the trusts.
2. Why are all the lions coming out of
a door labeled “Wall Street”?
Answer: Wall Street stands for the location of the New York Stock Exchange and the power of big corporations.
3. What do you think the cartoonist
thinks about trust-busting?
Answer: The positive image of Roosevelt suggests that the cartoonist admires Roosevelt’s efforts at trust-busting. Roosevelt is not afraid and welcomes the chance to bring over and curb the power of big business.
Using Federal Power
1902 Coal Strike
140,000 coal miners in PA went on strike– demanded 20% pay raise, nine hour work day, and the right to organize a union
the mine operators refused to bargain
five months into the strike, coal reserves ran low, and Roosevelt was forced to intervene and called both sides to the White House to negotiate
Roosevelt’s actions demonstrated a new principle that government could intervene if a strike hurt the public interest
Railroad Regulations
Roosevelt’s real goal was federal regulation
there were new federal regulations to limited railroads (rates, limited distribution of free railroad passes. etc.)
Health and the Environment
the Jungle, by Upton Sinclair, led to the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food & Drug Act
the Meat Inspection Act was a law enacted in 1906 that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a meat-inspection program
Progressives believed in using experts to solve problems
Gifford Pinchot headed the U.S. Forest Service
he believed some areas should be exempt from sale in order to keep them natural
other areas would be developed for the common good
Roosevelt and Civil Rights
Progressives were mostly concerned with middle-class whites
W. E. Du Bois and others were upset by this indifference to racial injustice
Roosevelt did work with some African-Americans (appointed an African American as head of the South Carolina Customhouse, Booker T. Washington was invited to the White House, etc.)
In response to the indifference of the Progressives, the NAACP was formed in 1909
“Extra, Extra…Read All About It
1. Create five problem-solution diagrams to show how
the following problems were addressed during
Roosevelt’s presidency:
a. 1902 coal strike b. unsafe meat processing
c. racial injustices d. exploitation of environment
2. Create newspaper headings announcing the solutions.
3. Pick one heading and solution.
4. Create a visual illustration to represent the solution.
5. Write a “news article” about the solution. (3 – 5 sentences)
Problems
Solutions
Essential Question
What scandalous practices did Upton Sinclair expose in his novel “The Jungle”? How did the American public and President Roosevelt respond?
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section
PROGRESSIVISM UNDER TAFT CHAPTER 9 – SECTION 4
Chapters in Brief
William Howard Taft became president in 1909. He pursued many Progressive policies but more cautiously – and with less publicity – than Roosevelt. And he divided his own party. One issue was the tariff. Taft wished to lower the tariffs. When conservatives in the Senate passed a weakened version of the measure, Taft signed it anyway and Progressives complained. He also angered conservationists by appointing officials who favored development of wild lands rather than preservation of them.
With the Republican Party split between reformers and conservatives, Democrats won control of the House for the first time in almost two decades. In 1912, Roosevelt tried to regain the Republican nomination for president. Failing that, Roosevelt formed a third party – the Bull Moose party – and ran on a platform of reform. The Democrats nominated reformer Woodrow Wilson, the governor of New Jersey. As Taft and Roosevelt bitterly denounced each other, Wilson won the election – and a Democratic majority in Congress. About three-quarters of the vote went to candidates in favor of economic reform.
WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM CHAPTER 9 – SECTION 5
Chapters in Brief
A religious and scholarly man, Wilson stayed independent of party bosses and pursued his policies of reform called the “New Freedom.” With the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914, the government strengthened laws against business trusts and workers’ rights. The Federal Trade Act created the Federal Trade Commission to investigate unfair business practices. Another law lowered tariffs. With decreased tariff revenues, the government began collecting taxes on workers’ income. Wilson also secured passage of a law creating the Federal Reserve System to improve the nation’s banking practices. Meanwhile, women continued in their drive to win the right to vote. As of 1910, women’s suffrage was approved in five states. Defeats in other states, though, led some women to try more militant tactics. Alice Paul organized a group that picketed the White House and the Democratic Party. Finally, the Nineteenth Amendment, ratified 1920, gave women the right to vote.
Wilson did not push social reform ideas. He did Wilson little to support women’s suffrage, nor did he help African Americans. In fact, he appointed southerners who took steps to extend segregation. Blacks who had voted for Wilson felt betrayed, and a meeting between Wilson and African American leaders ended in anger.
Wilson’s Background
he spent his youth in the South during the Civil War and Reconstruction
he had strict upbringing from his minister father
before entering politics, he was lawyer, history professor, and president of Princeton University
elected Governor of New Jersey 1910– supported progressive legislative programs
- direct primary
- worker’s compensation
- regulation of public utilities and
railroads
Wilson’s Wins Financial Reform
like Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson claimed progressive ideals, but he had a different idea for federal government
Wilson believed in attacking large concentrations of powers to give greater freedom to average citizens
Wilson focused on his “New Freedom,” which was an attack on triple wall of privilege (trusts, tariffs, and high finance)
Two Key Antitrust Measures
Clayton Antitrust Act: prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another company if doing so would create a monopoly
Federal Trade Commission (FTC): investigated possible violations of regulatory statutes, required periodic reports from corporations, and put an end to a number of unfair business practices