Houghton mifflin boston 2 Program Authors William Badders
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William Badders Elementary Science Teacher Cleveland Public Schools Cleveland, Ohio Douglas Carnine, Ph.D. Professor of Education University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon James Feliciani Supervisor of Instructional Media and Technology Land O' Lakes, Florida Bobby Jeanpierre, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Science Education University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Carolyn Sumners, Ph.D. Director of Astronomy and Physical Sciences Houston Museum of Natural Science Houston, Texas Catherine Valentino Author-in-Residence Houghton Mifflin West Kingston, Rhode Island Content Consultants Dr. Robert Arnold Professor of Biology Colgate University Hamilton, New York Dr. Carl D. Barrentine Associate Professor Humanities and Biology University of North Dakota Grand Forks, North Dakota Dr. Steven L. Bernasek Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey Dennis W. Cheek Senior Manager Science Applications International Corporation Exton, Pennsylvania
School of Biology Georgia Tech Atlanta, Georgia Prof. John Conway Department of Physics University of California Davis, California Copyright © 2007 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin Company unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to School Permissions, 222 Berkeley St., Boston, MA 02116 Printed in the U.S. A. ISBN 0-618-49227-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-DW-14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
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Dr. Robert Dailey Division of Animal and Veterinary Sciences West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia Dr. Thomas Davies IODP/USIO Science Services Texas A & M University College Station, Texas Dr. Ron Dubreuil Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois Dr. Orin G. Gelderloos Professor of Biology University of Michigan - Dearborn Dearborn, Michigan Dr. Michael R. Geller Associate Professor, Department of Physics University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Dr. Erika Gibb Department of Physics Notre Dame University South Bend, Indiana Dr. Fern Gotfried Pediatrician Hanover Township, New Jersey
Chemistry Department Ithaca College Ithaca, New York Professor Melissa A. Hines Department of Chemistry Cornell University Ithaca, New York Dr. Jonathan M. Lincoln Assistant Provost & Dean of Undergraduate Education Bloomsburg University Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania Donald Lisowy Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx Zoo Bronx, New York Dr. Marc L. Mansfield Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, New Jersey Dr. Scott Nuismer Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho Dr. Suzanne O'Connell Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Wesleyan University Middletown, Connecticut Dr. Kenneth Parsons Assistant Professor of Meteorology Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Prescott, Arizona Betty Preece Engineer and Physicist Indialantic, Florida
Department of Biology Duke University Durham, North Carolina Dr. Todd V. Royer Department of Biological Sciences Kent State University Kent, Ohio Dr. Kate Scholberg Physics Department Duke University Durham, North Carolina Dr. Jeffery Scott Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts Dr. Ron Stoner Professor Emeritus, Physics and Astronomy Department Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio Dr. Dominic Valentino, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston, Rhode Island Dr. Sidney White Professor Emeritus of Geology Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Dr. Scott Wissink Professor, Department of Physics Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana Dr. David Wright Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee iii 4
UNIT A The Life Processes Chapter 1 Cells A2 Lesson 1 What Are the Parts of a Cell? A4 Lesson 2 How Do Single-Celled Organisms Live? A12 Focus On: History of Science A20 Lesson 3 How Do the Cells of Organisms Compare? A22 Lesson 4 How Are Cells Organized? A30 Extreme Science A42 Review and Test Prep A44 Chapter 2 Plant Systems A46 Lesson 1 How Do Plants Produce Food? A48 Focus On: Readers' Theater A56 Lesson 2 How Do Plants Move Materials? A60 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Reproduce? A66 Extreme Science A76 Review and Test Prep A78 Chapter 3 Traits of Living Things A80 Lesson 1 How Are Traits Inherited? A82 Focus On: Biography A92 Lesson 1 Why Are Some Traits Very Common? A94 Careers A105 Extreme Science A106 Review and Test Prep A108 Unit Test Prep A110 Unit Wrap-up A112 iv 5
Interactions Among Living Things Chapter 4 Ecosystems, Communities, and Biomes B2 Lesson 1 How Do Living Things Form Communities? B4 Lesson 2 What Are Biomes? B10 Focus On: Literature B20 Lesson 3 What Is a Food Web? B22 Extreme Science B30 Review and Test Prep B32 Chapter 5 Life In Ecosystems B34 Lesson 1 What Are Habitats and Niches? B36 Lesson 1 What Factors Affect Ecosystems? B44 Focus On: Primary Source B54 Lesson 1 How Can Humans Change Ecosystems? B56 Careers B65 Extreme Science B66 Review and Test Prep B68 Unit Test Prep B70 Unit Wrap-up B72 v 6
Earth Systems Chapter 6 Earth's Changing Surface C2 Lesson 1 What Makes Up Earth's Surface? C4 Lesson 2 How Is Earth's Surface Worn Down? C12 Focus On: Primary Source C20 Lesson 3 How Is Earth's Surface Built Up? Extreme Science C30 Review and Test Prep C32 Chapter 7 Earth's Structure C34 Lesson 1 What Is Earth's Structure? C36 Focus On: Readers' Theater C46 Lesson 2 What Are Earthquakes and Volcanoes? C50 Lesson 3 How Do Mountains Form? C60 Extreme Science C66 Review and Test Prep C68 Chapter 8 Using Resources Wisely C70 Lesson 1 How Do People Use Resources? C72 Focus On: Technology 80 Lesson 2 How Do People Use Soil? C82 Lesson 3 How Can People Use Resources Wisely? C90 Careers C97 Extreme Science C98 Review and Test Prep C100 Unit Test Prep C102 Unit Wrap-up C104 vi 7
Atmosphere and Solar System Chapter 9 Weather and Climate D2 Lesson 1 What Factors Affect Climate? D4 Focus On: History of Science D12 Lesson 2 How Are Weather Forecasts Made? D14 Extreme Science D24 Review and Test Prep D26 Chapter 10 Earth and Its Moon D28 Lesson 1 What Causes Earth's Seasons? D30 Focus On: Primary Source D38 Lesson 2 Why Does the Moon Have Phases? D40 Extreme Science D48 Review and Test Prep D50 Chapter 11 Exploring Space D52 Lesson 1 What Orbits the Sun? D54 Lesson 2 What Are the Planets Like? D62 Focus On: Literature D70 Lesson 3 What Are Stars Like? D72 Careers D81 Extreme Science D82 Review and Test Prep D84 Unit Test Prep D86 Unit Wrap-up D88 vii 8
Kinds of Matter Chapter 12 Structure of Matter E2 Lesson 1 What Are Elements? E4 Lesson 2 What Is the Periodic Table? E12 Focus On: Biography E22 Lesson 3 What Are Compounds? E24 Extreme Science E34 Review and Test Prep E36 Chapter 13 Characteristics of Matter E38 Lesson 1 How Can Materials Be Identified? E40 Focus On: Technology E48 Lesson 2 How Does Matter Change? E50 Lesson 3 What Are Solutions and Mixtures? E58 Extreme Science E66 Review and Test Prep E68 Chapter 14 Changes of State E70 Lesson 1 What Are Three States of Matter? E72 Focus On: Technology E80 Lesson 2 How Does Matter Change State? E82 Careers E89 Extreme Science E90 Review and Test Prep E92 Unit Test Prep E94 Unit Wrap-up E96 viii 9
Forms of Energy Chapter 15 Forces, Motion, and Work F2 Lesson 1 What Can Change an Object's Motion? F4 Lesson 2 How Do We Use Simple Machines? F14 Focus On: History of Science F26 Lesson 3 What Forces Come from Magnets? F28 Extreme Science F36 Review and Test Prep F38 Chapter 16 Energy and Waves F40 Lesson 1 What Are Kinetic and Potential Energy? F42 Lesson 2 How Are Sounds Made? F50 Focus On: History of Science F60 Lesson 3 What Are Some Properties of Light? F62 Extreme Science F70 Review and Test Prep F72 Chapter 17 Temperature and Heat F74 Lesson 1 What Is Thermal Energy? F76 Focus On: Technology F84 Lesson 2 How Does Thermal Energy Spread? F86 Extreme Science F96 Review and Test Prep F98 Chapter 18 Electrical Energy F100 Lesson 1 How Is Electricity Produced? F102 Lesson 2 What Is An Electric Circuit? F110 Focus On: Readers' Theater F118 Lesson 3 How Do People Use Electricity? F122 Careers F129 Extreme Science F130 Review and Test Prep F132 Unit Test Prep F134 Unit Wrap-up F136 ix 10
UNIT A Investigate Activities Get Closer! A5 Watch Yeast Feast! A13 Sort What You See A23 Exploring Tissues A31 Keeping Green A49 Losing Water A61 Inside a Flower A67 Trait Tabulation A83 Chromosome Combinations A95 Focus On History of Science: Louis Pasteur A20 Readers' Theater: The World of Plants A56 Biography: Rosalind Franklin and Lynn Margulis A92
Cells in Glass Houses A42 Stuck On You A76 Check Out These Chickens A106 ***
Look at Life B5 Compare Climates B11 Model Energy Flow B23 Worm and Fish Habitats B37 Limits to Growth B45 Rising Sea Level B57
Literature: Everglades B20 Primary Source: Dinosaur Extinction B54
Blushing Giants B30 Fastest Claw in the West B66 ***
UNIT C Investigate Activities Model a Map C5 Rock Erosion C13 Set Up a Streaming Slope C23 A Model World C37 Picking a Pattern C51 Make a Mountain! C61 Just a Spoonful C75 A Mighty Wind! C85 Recycling! C93 Focus On Primary Source: Cleopatra's Needle C20 Readers' Theater: Alfred Wegener and Pangaea C46 Technology: Hybrid Cars C80 Extreme Science Masterpiece of Erosion C30 Sleeping Giant Erupts! C66 Tired! C98 ***
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Investigate Activities Lighten Up! D5 ' The Pressure's On! D15 Reasons for Seasons D31 It's Just a Phase! D41 A Very Long Trip! D55 Scaling the Solar System D63 Star Search D73 Focus On Biography: Luke Howard and June Bacon-Bercey D12 Primary Source: Midnight Sun D38 Literature: Earth Charged in Meteor's Fiery Death, and Meteors D70 Extreme Science Twister! D24 Lunar Extremes D48 Out With a Bang! D82 ***
Smash It! E5 Compare Elements E13 Splitting Water E25 Oil and Water E41 Milk and Vinegar E51 Sand, Salt, Solutions E59 Vanishing Volume E73 Making Rain E83
Biography: People and the Periodic Table E22 Technology: Submarines E48 Technology: Glass E80 Extreme Science Space Armor E34 Colossal Crystals E66 How Cool Is That? E90 ***
Monster Trucks F5 Ramping It Up F15 Exploring Magnets F29 Rollerball F43 Getting in Tune F51 Bouncing Beam F63 Melting the Ice F77 The Melting Point F87 Store a Charge! F103 Light Bulb Circuit F111 Motorized Electricity F123 Focus On History of Science: Transportation F26 History of Science: The Sound Barrier F60 Technology: Cooling Off F84 Readers' Theater: Edison vs. Telsa F118 Extreme Science Train or Plane? F36 Extreme Beam! E70 Almost Not There! F96 BIG Static! F130 ***
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In this section in the front of your book, you will be introduced to scientists and to ways of investigating science.
The major sections of your book are units. Unit Title is what the unit is about. Chapters are part of a unit. Independent Reading are books you can read on your own. Discover! Information in this unit will help you answer this interesting question. Chapters Chapter Title tells what the chapter is about. Lesson Preview gives information about each lesson. xii 13
Why it Matters tells why the science you will learn in each lesson is important. Inquiry Skill tells about the main inquiry skill for the Investigate activity. Materials lists what you will need to conduct your investigation. Science And Math Toolbox references additional information in your book to help with your investigation. Procedure lists the steps you will follow to conduct your Investigation. Conclusion guides you in thinking about your investigation. Visuals give more information about the investigation. Investigate More! lets you take your investigation further. xiii 14
Vocabulary lists the new science words that you will learn. Main Idea tells you what is important. Visuals help you to understand the text. Reading Skill helps you understand and organize information as you read. Reading Skill Check helps you check your understanding of the text. Lesson Wrap-Up Visual Summary shows you different ways to summarize what you've read. Links connects science to math and other subjects. Review lets you to check your understanding after you read. Test Prep helps you meet standards. Standards are important goals for your learning. xiv 15 Focus On lets you learn more about a key concept in a chapter. Focus On types include: Biographies, History of Science, Technology, Primary Source, Literature, and Readers Theater. Sharing Ideas has you check your understanding and write and talk about what you have learned. Extreme Science and Careers Extreme Science Compares and contrasts interesting science information. Careers tells you about people that work with science. xv 16
These reviews help you to know you are on track with learning science and reading standards
Learn more about the Discover! question that started the unit. Also find a link to a simulation on the EduPlace web site. References The back of your book includes sections you will refer to again and again. xvi 17
[Image: A tiger.] Science is an adventure. People all over the world do science. You can do science, too. You probably already do. 18
* Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigations. * Design and conduct a scientific investigation. * Use appropriate tools and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret data. * Develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models using evidence. * Think critically and logically to make the relationships between evidence and explanations. * Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and predictions. * Communicate scientific procedures and explanations. * Use mathematics in all aspects of scientific inquiry. GRADES 5-8.A. UNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY * Different kinds of questions suggest different kinds of scientific investigations. Some investigations involve observing and describing objects, organisms, or events; some involve collecting specimens; some involve experiments; some involve seeking more information; some involve discovery of new objects and phenomena; and some involve making models. * Current scientific knowledge and understanding guide scientific investigations. Different scientific domains employ different methods, core theories, and standards to advance scientific knowledge and understanding. * Mathematics is important in all aspects of scientific inquiry. * Technology used to gather data enhances accuracy and allows scientists to analyze and quantify results of investigations. * Scientific explanations emphasize evidence, have logically consistent arguments, and use scientific principles, models, and theories. The scientific community accepts and uses such explanations until displaced by better scientific ones. When such displacement occurs, science advances. * Science advances through legitimate skepticism. Asking questions and querying other scientists' explanations is part of scientific inquiry. Scientists evaluate the explanations proposed by other scientists by examining evidence, comparing evidence, identifying faulty reasoning, pointing out statements that go beyond the evidence, and suggesting alternative explanations for the same observations. * Scientific investigations sometimes result in new ideas and phenomena for study, generate new methods or procedures for an investigation, or develop new technologies to improve the collection of data. All of these results can lead to new investigations. Directory: books -> 0-00-Bookshare books -> Art: the basis of books -> Faculty of arts archaeology, cultural heritage and museum studies books -> Union budget books -> The last centurion john Ringo books -> Section 3 Expressing and Influencing 438 Listening to an Opinion 0-00-Bookshare -> Copyright Notice Title: The Kite Runner Author 0-00-Bookshare -> Write source a book for writing, thinking, and learning Download 5.1 Mb. Share with your friends:
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