Vertebrates Fishes, Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles, Mammals
Date 16.06.2017 Size 27.89 Kb.
Vertebrates Fishes, Amphibians , Birds, Reptiles, Mammals Chordate Cladogram Nonvertebrate Chorodate Choradate Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord Pharyngeal pouches Tail that extend beyond anus Nonvertebrate Chorodates The Generalized Structure of a Chordate b 3 Characteristics of all Vertebrates Endoskeleton. Supports larger animal size. Grows with animal (No molting!) Backbone and cephalization. Well-developed brain with sensory organs. Earliest vertebrates were called ostracoderms . Closed circulatory system with multi-chambered heart. 3- or 4-chambered heart allows blood to be separated into oxygenated or deoxygenated. More efficient delivery of oxygen to the body. Endotherms and Ectotherms Ectotherm : Temperature is regulated by external environment. Fish, amphibians, reptiles Endotherm : Body temperature is regulated by internal processes. Temperature Control in Chordates Environmental Temperature (°C) Diversity of Chordates Live in water. Overlapping scales that cover skin. Mucus coat (reduces friction when swimming). Swim bladder (buoyancy, sharks don’t have one). Why do many sharks never stop swimming? Lateral line system (detects vibrations in water). Gills (blood and water flow in opposite directions; more efficient oxygen absorbtion and CO2 release. OPERCULA: opening and closing flaps; sharks) The Anatomy of a Fish Circulation in a Fish Digestive system circulation Brain and head circulation Oxygen-poor blood from the veins collects in the sinus venosus. Blood enters the atrium and flows to the ventricle. The ventricle pumps blood into the bulbus arteriosus. The bulbus arteriosus moves blood into the ventral aorta and toward the gills. Fish: Life Cycle Varied strategies. Sharks: internal fertilization. Salmon: external. Generally, lay many more eggs than they need. Many are never fertilized. Many more are fertilized than the environment can support. (Why? Isn’t this wasted effort on the part of the fishes?) Characteristics of Amphibians Live both in water and on land. Four strong limbs. Nictating membrane: see through second eyelid. Why is this helpful on both land and in the water? Tympanic membrane: hearing. Land? Water? Amphibians: Energy and Wastes A frog’s skin “breathes” – it must be kept moist. 3-Chambered Heart, Double-looped circulatory system. – What is that? Why is that a good thing? Metamorphisis: teeth/jaws, gills turn into lungs, circulatory system changes Kidneys regulate the amount of water in the frog. In water excrete, on land retain. The Life Cycle of a Frog Adults are typically ready to breed in about one to two years. Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external fertilization. The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later. Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults. Characteristics of Reptiles Dry, scaly skin (prevents evaporation). Usually carnivores. Separated 3-chambered heart (crocodiles have 4 chambers). Ectotherms. How does a reptile regulate its body temperature? Rafekie The Amniotic Egg (Figure 26.4) Embryo : connected to Yolk by a stalk.Yolk : food source.Amnion : fluid that protects the embryo.Chorion : regulates gas exchange.Shell : Waterproofs, protects. The shell is porous (gas can exchange through it).Allantois : stores wastes. The Amniotic Egg The chorion regulates the transport of oxygen from the surface of the egg to the embryo and the transport of carbon dioxide, one product of respiration, in the opposite direction. This baglike structure contains a yolk that serves as a nutrient-rich food supply for the embryo. The amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and cushions the developing embryo. It produces a protected, watery environment. The allantois stores the waste produced by the embryo. It also serves as a respiratory organ. Characteristics of Birds Adaptations center around flight… Light-weight bones: hollow, but have cross braces. Shape of a bird’s wings gives lift. Fused bones (ligaments are heavy). Massive flight muscles (Pectoralis: 25% of weight). Shape of the wings gives lift. The one reptilian characteristic of birds is their scale-covered legs. When a bird eats, food moves down the esophagus and is stored in the crop. As digestion continues, the food moves through the intestines. Undigested food is excreted through the cloaca. The muscular walls of the gizzard squeeze the contents, while small stones grind the food. Moistened food passes to the stomach, a two-part chamber. The first chamber secretes acid and enzymes. The partially digested food moves to the second chamber, the gizzard. You Eat Like A Bird… Endotherms – requires a lot of energy to maintain their high metabolism. Feathers – trap body heat. Unique respiratory system – air flows one-way. Crop Gizzard Intestines. Blue Jay- Mr. Phillips Favorite Bird Toronto Blue Jays World Series 1992-1993 Champions Characteristics of Mammals Endotherms – hair. Mammary glands – produce milk. Large, well-developed brains. 4-chambered heart, double-looped circulatory system. Variety of Mammals Size Smallest: shrew (weighs less than a dime) Largest: whale (100,000 kg; 32 elephants) Speed Slowest: Two-toed sloth (1 meter/15 seconds) Fastest: Cheetah (400 meters/15 seconds) Humans (150 meters/15 seconds) Environments Mammals: Movement and Energy High-speed running : long bones and flexible hip and shoulder joints.Eat a variety of foods : different teeth structures.Diaphram : More gas exchange.Air sacs : increased surface area for gas exchange. The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolars allows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad, flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants. Chisel-like incisors are used for cutting, gnawing, and grooming. Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivores use them for piercing, gripping, and tearing. In herbivores, they are reduced or absent. Mammals: Types of Life Cycles Monotremes: Reproduce by laying eggs (duck-billed playtpus).-Marsupials: Give birth to small, immature young that then further develop inside the mother’s external pouch (kangaroo).Placental mammals: Babies develop inside the mother’s body (95% of all mammals). The Placenta The Success of Mammals Well-developed cerebrum: The largest part of the brain; makes processing information and learning possible.Care of the Young: Development inside the mother; care of the young for the first year(s) of their life. Compare/Contrast Table Comparing Functions of Chordates Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Non- vertebrate Chordates Gills and diffusion No true chambers Gills and gill slits Simple; mass of nerve cells Gills/air sacs Single loop; 2 chambers Kidney and gills Cephalization; small cerebrum Simple lungs and skin Double loop; 3 chambers Kidney and gills Cephalization; small cerebrum Lungs Double loop; 3 chambers Kidney Cephalization; small cerebrum Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow) Double loop; 4 chambers Kidney Cephalization; large cerebrum Lungs (alveoli) Double loop; 4 chambers Kidney Cephalization; large cerebrum Double-Loop Circulatory System Single-Loop Circulatory System CROCODILIANS, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS Compare/Contrast Table continued Comparing Functions of Chordates Movement Reproduction Temperature Control Muscles, no bones External fertilization Ectothermic Muscles on either side of backbone External fertilization Ectothermic Amphibians (adult) Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments External fertilization Ectothermic Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization ; shelled egg Ectothermic Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization; shelled egg Endothermic 2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization and development Endothermic Non- vertebrate Chordates The Digestive Systems of Vertebrates Esophagus Stomach Intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Cloaca Crop Gizzard Cecum Rectum Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part I Dendrite of adjacent neuron The Senses of Smell and Taste Figure 36-13 The Structure of Skin Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System Capillaries of head and arms Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs Capillaries of right lung Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart Inferior Vena Cava Vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium Tricuspid Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle Pulmonary Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery Pulmonary Veins Bring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium Superior Vena Cava Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium Aorta Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body Aortic Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta Mitral Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing Figure 37-14 Gas Exchange in the Lungs The Digestive System Pancreas (behind stomach) Gallbladder (behind liver) The Small Intestine The Male Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part 2 Share with your friends:
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