Jotiya dhirasekeraCHAPTER XI Additional Punitive Regulations
The most comprehensive chapter in Buddhist monastic legislation comes to us in the Khandhakas under the section known as the Samathakkhandhaka.1 This deals with seven different ways (satta adhikaraṇasamatha) by means of which, it is claimed, that all forms of disciplinary action within the monastic community could be carried out. The seven Adhikaraṇasamathas are as follows.2
These lay down procedure for the correction of monastic indiscipline, for the settlement of disputes and strifes among the members of the Saṅgha, and for the valid execution of monastic Acts. There is very little doubt about the recognition and prestige which this section of the law enjoyed from the earliest times. For Adhikaraṇas seem to have been a matter of common occurrence even in the early days of the Sāsana. The word is used in the sense of going into litigation, of charging a fellow-member of the Saṅgha with an offence, maliciously or with valid reasons. The text of Saṅghādisesa 8 bears testimony to this. (Yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhuṃ duṭṭho doso appatīto amūlakena pārājikena dhammena anuddhaṃseyya app'eva nāma naṃ imamhā brahmacariyā cāveyyan'ti. Tato aparena samayena samanuggāhiyamāno vā asamanuggāhiyamāno vā amūlakñ c'eva taṃ adhikaraṇaṃ hoti bhikkhu ca dosaṃ patiṭṭhāti saṅghādiseso. Vin.III.163). In the Kakacūpama Sutta, the monk Moliyaphagguna accuses, in a spirit of retaliation, his fellow brethren who criticise the conduct of the nuns with whom he closely associates (Sace ko ci bhikkhu āyasmato moliyaphaggunassa sammukhā tāsaṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ avaṇṇaṃ bhāsati ten'āyasmā moliyaphagguno kupito anattamano adhikaraṇaṃ'pi karoti. M.I.122). It is felt that this litigant character of individual monks is not a healthy sign and much is said in praise of those who refrain from such litigations and advocate the effective termination of such conditions wherever they appear (Yaṃ'pi bhikkhave bhikkhu na adhikaraṇiko hoti adhikaraṇasamathassa vaṇṇavādī ayam'pi dhammo piyattāya garuttāya bhāvanāya sāmaññāya ekībhāvāya samvattati. A.V.167). The skill in arresting the rise of such disputes and disturbances is considered a qualification for election to responsible monastic positions such as membership in a committee of arbitration which is known as Ubbāhikā (Dasah' aṅgehi samannāgato bhikkhu ubbūhikāya sammannitabbo.....adhikaraṇasamuppāda-vūpasamanakusalo hoti....Vin.II.95; A.V.71). It also leads to the personal well-being of the members of the monastic community (Dasahi bhikkhave dhammehi samannāgato thero bhikkhu yassaṃ yassaṃ disāyaṃ viharati phāsu yeva viharati. Katamehi dasahi... adhikaraṇasamuppādavūpasamakusalo hoti. A.V.201). These seven modes of Adhikaraṇasamatha are referred to both in the Suttas and in the Vinaya. (Satta kho pan' ime ānanda akhikaraṇasamathā uppannuppannānaṃ adhikaraṇānaṃ samathāya vūpasamāya. Sammukhāvinayo dātabbo sativinayo dātabbo amūḷhavinayo dātabbo paṭiññāya kāretabbaṃ yebhuyyasikā tassa pāpiyyasikā tiṇavatthārako. M.II.247. See also D.III.254; A.IV.1.44; Vin.II.73-104; IV.207). We shall first examine them as they are presented to us in the Vinaya Piṭaka.1 The first of these, the Sammukhāvinaya, recognises the principle that no penalties or punishments should be imposed on an offender in his absence (Na bhikkhave asammukhībhūtānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ kammaṃ kātabbaṃ tajjaniyaṃ vā nissayaṃ vā pabbājaniyaṃ vā paṭisāraṇiyaṃ vā ukkhepaniyaṃ vā. Yo kareyya āpatti dukkaṭassa. Vin.II.73). Paṭiññātakaraṇa which appears as the fourth in the Vinaya text provides that such disciplinary action should also be taken with the acknowledgement of the guilty monk. (Na bhikkhave apaṭiññāya bhikkhūnaṃ kammaṃ kātabbaṃ tajjaniyaṃ vā... ukkhepaniyaṃ vā. Yo kareyya āpatti dukkaṭassa. Vin.II.83). Both these conditions are regarded as essential to give validity to the daṇḍakamma or acts of punishment which are outside the regulations of the Pātimokkha in their origin and character. Failure to comply with these requirements would render such an act invalid.1 In the fourfold division of the adhikaraṇas, this latter form of samatha, namely Paṭiññātakaraṇa seems also to be made use of in the settlement of Āpattādhikaraṇa which is almost entirely based on the Pātimokkha.2 Sammukhāvinaya, on the other hand, is a pre-requisite in the settlement of all the four forms of adhikaraṇa. Tassapāpiyyasikā which is listed as No. 6 under the Adhikaraṇasamatha seems to be very different from the rest in that it has a great deal more in common with the daṇḍakamma as a means of maintaining order in the community. In fact, both Samanta-pāsādikā and Vimativinodanī consider this to be on the same footing as the other daṇḍakamma. Speaking of the Tassapāpiyyasikā, the Samantapāsādikā says that the details concerning this are the same as in the Tajjaniya and other daṇḍakamma (Sesaṃ ettha tajjanīyādisu vuttanayaṃ eva. VinA.VI.1193). The Vimativinodanī elaborates further on this comment and says that this is intended to serve as an act of prosecution whereby it would be possible to punish an offender who refuses to accept the judgement of the Saṅgha. (Sesaṃ ettha tajjanīyādisu vuttanayam evā'ti etena tajjanīyādisattakammāni viya idam pi tassapāpiyyasikākammam asucibhāvādidosayuttassa saṅghassa ca vinicchaye atiṭṭhamānassa kattabbaṃ visuṃ ekaṃ niggahakamman'ti dasseti. Vmativinodani.452.f.). It is virtually an act of condemnation carried out on a monk for corrupt, shameless and reprehensible behaviour. It is also carried out on one who deliberately lies and attempts to evade a charge laid upon him.1 The details of the offences for which it is imposed and the proper mode of conducting oneself under this penalty are identical, more or less, with those of the other daṇdakamma.2 It lays down no specific punishment but it was perhaps used more effectively as a general act of stigmatisation whereby a vociferous offender was prevented from evading prosecution with a garrulous defence. This stigmatisation would forthwith arrest such indiscipline. The Vimativinodanī confirms this view (Etasmiṃ hi niggahakamme kate so puggalo ahaṃ suddho'ti attano suddhiyā sādhanatthaṃ saṅghamajjhaṃ otarituṃ saṅgho c'assa vinicchayaṃ dātuṃ na labhati taṃkammakaraṇamatten'eva ca tam adhikaraṇaṃ vūpasantaṃ hoti. Vimt.453). Accordig to the Kaṅkhāvitaraī it would result in the complete elimination from the monastic community of a Pārājika offender or the possible correction of a lesser offence committed by one of its members. (Yadā pana pārājikena vā pārājikāsāmantena vā codiyamānassa aññen'aññaṃ paṭicarato pāp'ussannattā pāpiyassa puggalassa sac'āyaṃ acchinnamūlo bhavissati sammā vattitvā osaraṇaṃ labhissati. Sace chinnamūlo ayam 'ev'assa nāsanā bhavissatī'ti maññamāno saṅgho ñatticatutthena kammena tassapāpiyyasikaṃ kammaṃ karoti. Kkvt.155) . On the other hand, Sativinaya and Amūḷhavinaya provide against any possible miscarriage of justice in the monastic administration. The legal machinery it to be operated with humane considerations and it is not to be abused through malice, jealousy or prejudice. Sativinaya is intended for the exoneration of a guiltless monk who is falsely accused by malicious parties.1 This absolution from guilt is to be conferred, relying on the mental alertness of the person concerned (Sativepullappattassa sativinayaṃ dadeyya. Vin.II.80). According to the Samantapāsādikā, this is then applicable only to the Arahants and to none below that level of perfection and reliability (Ayaṃ pana sativinayo khīṇāsavass'eva dātabbo na aññassa antamaso anāgāmino'pi. VinA.VI.1192). It is to be carried out by a competent body of monks at the request of the aggrieved person.2 The Amūḷhavinaya seeks exemption for offences committed in a state of unsound mind. The Bhikkhu who is guilty of such an offence, on regaining his mental equilibrium, confesses to the Saṅgha the circumstances under which the offence came to be committed and states that he does not remember it thereafter. Inspite of this consideration, it is added, he may be wrongfully prosecuted for the same. The Amūḷhavinaya provides the exoneration of such a monk from the guilt of an offence committed in a state of unsound mind. But it is to be applied only in bona fide cases and the Vinaya legislates against offenders taking shelter under this, claiming falsely a lapse of memory or pretending to be of unsound mind.3 Under such circumstances the exercise of this power is declared to be illegal.4 The Yebhuyyasikā and the Tiṇavatthāraka as disciplinary measures are different from the rest of the Adhikaraṇasamathas in that they are not only interested in safeguarding the moral tone of the character of individuals but also are concerned with settling their disputes and adjudicating over breaches of discipline in such a way that the concord of the monastic community may not be impaired. This is the dominant note of the Tiṇavatthāraka. It does recognise the existence of contending parties in the Saṅgha and the possible break up of the monastic unity through their factional differences. Under such circumstances, even in the face of offences committed (bahuṃ assāmaṇakaṃ ajjhāciṇṇaṃ hoti bhāsitaparikantaṃ. Vin.II.86), the members of one faction shall not proceed to institute disciplinary action against members belonging to the other group for fear of breaking the unity of the Saṅgha (Sace mayam imāhi āpattīhi aññamaññaṃ kāreyyāma siyā'pi tam adhikaraṇaṃ kakkaḷattāya vālattāya bhedāya samvatteyya. Ibid.). But both parties are to meet in the full assembly of the Saṅgha, and with the consent of the Saṅgha agree to have the offences committed by their members dealt with by means of this collective disciplinary measure known as 'covering up with grass' (Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ saṅgho imam adhikaraṇaṃ tiṇavatthārakena sameyya ṭhapetvā thūlavajjaṃ ṭhapetvā gihipaṭisaṃyuttan'ti. Ibid.87). The leaders of the two factions would obtain the sanction of their groups to declare before the Saṅgha, for this purpose, the offences committed by themselves as well as by the members of their respective groups (Ekato pakkhikānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ vyattena bhikhunā paṭibalena sako pakkho ñāpetabbo... yad'āyasmantānaṃ pattakallaṃ ahaṃ yā c' eva āyasmantānaṃ āpatti yā ca attano āpatti āyasmantānañ c'eva atthāya attano ca atthāya sṅghamajjhe tiṇavatthārakena deseyyaṃ. Ibid.). The offences which could be treated in this manner were invariably minor in character in that they excluded the major offences (thullavajja) which the Samantapāsādikā explains as Pārājika and Saṅghādisesa.1 It was also necessary that these breaches of discipline did not involve the laymen (gihipaṭisaṃyuttam). It is claimed that by this process of Tiṇavatthāraka all participants are absolved of their guilt of any transgression, barring those specified above. Absentees and dissentients do not benefit by this (Evañ ca pana bhikkhave te bhikkhū tāhi āpattīhi vuṭṭhitā honti ṭhapetvā thūlavajjaṃ ṭhapetvā diṭṭhāvikammaṃ ṭhapetvā ye na tattha hontī'ti. Vin.II.88). The Yebhuyyasikā as described in the Khandhakas is perhaps the most complex of all the Adhikaraṇasamathas. It is worked out in a rather protracted manner and is resorted to only after the failure of other methods. When it has been found that it is not possible to settle a monastic dispute within the confines of the monastery where it occurred by the method of Sammukhāvinaya, the Khandhakas suggest that those Bhikkhus who are connected with it should take the matter to the members of another monastery who are greater in number, and by mutual agreement the monks who are the hosts would settle the dispute.2 However, it is added that such a large group might possibly become unweildy and that no useful purpose would be served by deliberations in such an assembly. In such a situation the monks are empowered to refer the matter to a select committee (ubbāhikā) for a settlement (Sammato saṅghena itthannāmo ca itthannāmo ca bhikkhū ubbāhikāya imam adhikaraṇaṃ vūpasametuṃ. Vin.II.96). Ten qualifications are insisted on for consideration for membership in such a committee. These cover not only good and virtuous conduct but also a thorough knowledge of the Dhamma and the Vinaya. Every member of such a committee had also to be a good judge and authority on the exercise of disciplinary powers.1 If it is discovered that the dispute cannot be settled in this manner, it must be referred back to the whole Saṅgha for settlement by the decision of the majority (yebhuyyasikā). In the description of the Adhikaraṇasamatha in the Khandhakas we fine that the Yebhuyyasikā assumes a more restricted connotation in contrast to its description in the Sutta version.2 It is claimed to be an act whereby the Saṅgha assures itself that, at the time of a division, the righteous monks would be in the majority.3 Thus it is not a decision arrived at by merely taking a vote. The Samantapāsādikā reiterates the same idea (Yebhuyyasikāya vūpasametun'ti ettha yassa kiriyāya dhammavādino bahutarā esā yebhuyyasikā nāma. VinA.VI.1192). By the method of direct and indirect canvassing the Saṅgha must assure itself of a majority for the righteous cause. For this purpose three forms of voting are recommended. They are secret ballot (gūḷhaka), whispering in the ear (sakaṇṇajappaka) and open ballot (vivaṭaka). A reliable monk who is not inclined to err on account of his partialities or prejudices (chandā dosā), confusion or fear (mohā bhayā) and who is capable of reckoning the votes as they are cast (gahitāgahitañ ca jāneyya) is appointed to distribute the ballot-sticks (salākagāhāpaka).1 In the case of secret ballot, two distinct groups of ballot-sticks have to be used (salākāyo vaṇṇāvaṇṇāyo katvā - Vin.II.99). The Commentary on the above statement takes vaṇṇāvaṇṇāyo to mean that the sticks of each group bear a special sign on them and look different (Vaṇṇāvaṇṇāyo katvā'ti dhammavādīnañ ca adhammavādīnañ ca salākāyo nimittasaññaṃ āropetvā visabhāgā kāretabbā - VinA.VI.1198). The Vimativinodanī adds that these differences may be slight or great (Vaṇṇāvaṇṇāyo katvā'ti khuddakamahantehi saññāṇehi yuttāyo katvā ten'āha nimittasaññam āropetvā'ti. Vimt.456). Going up to each monk in turn, the salākagāhāpaka, i. e. the one who distributes ballot sticks, should introduce the ballot-sticks and ask him to take the one of his choice. Once the voter has made a decision he is asked not to show his voting stick to any other. At this stage, if the salākagāhāpaka knows that the unrighteous monks are in the majority, he should then declare the voting null and void on grounds of incorrect procedure and set about taking a vote over again (...duggahito'ti paccukkaḍḍhitabbaṃ. Vin.II.99). But if the righteous monks are in the majority, even by a single vote, then he should announce that the voting has been valid (Ekasmim'pi dhammavādismiṃ atireke jāte suggahitā salākāyo'ti sāvetabbaṃ. VinA.VI.1198). The Sakaṇṇajappakasalākagāha or the method of voting by whispering in the ear is different from the former only in so far as the announcement to each monk is made in a whisper and he is asked not to inform the others of his decision (Gahite vattabbo mā kassa ci ārocehī'ti. Vin.II.99). The Vivaṭakasalākagāha or the method of voting by open ballot is adopted only where a majority of righteous monks is assured. The Samantapāsādikā seems to know a great deal more about the art of securing a majority for what it calls the just cause. It allows a fresh vote to be taken up to a third time with the hope of securing a majority, dismissing the former on grounds of incorrect procedure. But if no majority is secured as desired even at the third voting, the assembly should then adjourn with the idea of meeting again the next day. This would give time and opportunity to the righteous monks to canvass support for their cause before the next vote is taken and be able thereby to shatter the opposition (Atha yāvatatiyam'pi adhammavādino bahutarā'va honti ajja akālo sve jānissāmā'ti vuṭṭhahitvā alajjīnaṃ pakkhaṃ vibhedatthāya dhammavādipakkhaṃ pariyesitvā punadivase salākagāho kātabbo. VinA.VI.1198). Under the Sakaṇṇajappaka form of voting too, the Samantapāsādikā has a very similar comment which reflects the same spirit of defending by all possible means what is chosen to be the righteous position. Gahite vattabbo of the text quoted above1 which is applicable in general to all monks of the assembly during the Sakaṇṇajappakasalākagāha is commented on in the Samantapāsādikā as referring to a specal situation, viz. the vote of the Saṅghatthera or the president of the assembly. It is said that if he chooses to vote on the side of the unrighteous monks, it should be pointed out to him that it is not in keeping with his age or seniority. Thereafter, if he decides to vote with the righteous monks, a voting-stick of the right kind should be provided. If he does not change his mind, on the other hand, he should be asked to keep his decision a secret. The interest in the Adhikaraṇasamathas as measures for the settlement of disciplinary matters in the Saṅgha is further enhanced when we compare and contrast the details regarding these in the Suttas and in the Vinaya. The lists of Adhikaraṇasamathas which are given in Pali literature, both Sutta and Vinaya, are identical in all cases. However, the descriptions of the Adhikaraṇasamathas given in the Sāmagāma Sutta1 seem to be in marked contrast to the account in the Khandhakas.2 One is immediately impressed by the simplicity of these disciplinary measures as they are described in the Sutta account. The monastic irregularities which come under review and the manner of dealing with them here are far from the complexity which one associates with these in the Khandhakas. Allusions to the imposition of daṇḍakamma are conspicuous by their absence in the Sutta account. It does not seem to portray such a phase of the Saṅgha when the imposition of formal acts of punishment on its members had become a regular feature. On the other hand, what appears to us from the Sutta account is the desire of the members to remedy and rectify any errors and irregularities that might appear in the Saṅgha and the frankness and willingness with which these are confessed and atoned for in the company of the fellow members. This difference in the enforcement of discipline comes out with marked emphasis on a study of the form of the Adhikaraṇasamatha known as Paṭiññātakaraṇa. The primary interest of the Khandhakas in this form is for the proper imposition of daṇḍakammas. The Khandhakas insist that under the Paṭiññātakaraṇa no punishment or penalty (i.e. the daṇḍakamma mentioned earlier) is to be imposed without the offender admitting his fault. It is essentially a matter of procedure in monastic disciplinary action. On the other hand, the Sutta account takes it as a way in which the repetition of monastic offences may be averted. It seems to provide adequately against what is described as Āpattādhikaraṇa or offences against the injunctions of the Pātimokkha. A monk who has committed such an offence, whether urged by others or not, recognises it and confesses his guilt. He is then asked to address himself to a senior member of the Order, and owning and admitting his offence, undertake to guard himself in the future. Thus the occurrence and perpetuation of monastic offences would be eliminated. It is also with the same purpose in mind, as in the case of the Paṭiññātakaraṇa, that the Khandhakas take up the Sammukhāvinaya. Here too, it is the proper execution of the daṇḍakamma that seems to engage the attention of the Khandhakas. But the Sutta account, once again, has no reference whatwoever here to the daṇḍamma. It looks upon the Sammukhāvinaya as a disciplinary measure related directly to Vivādādhikaraṇa or disturbances in the monastic community arising out of disputes concerning the doctrine or monastic discipline. Under the Sammukhāvinaya, the Sutta recommends that in such a situation all monks should meet together and settle such disputes correctly in a way that would accord with the Dhamma, perhaps here in the broader sense which includes the Vinaya as well. The Sutta suggests that monks should, at such a meeting, apply the criteria of the Dhamma (dhammanetti) and straighten out the differences in conformity to it (Tehi ānanda bhikkhūhi sabbeh'eva samaggehi sannipatitabbaṃ sannipatitvā dhammanetti samanumajjitabbā dhammanettiṃ samanumajjitvā yathā tattha sameti tathā taṃ adhikaraṇaṃ vūpasametabbaṃ. Evaṃ kho ānanda sammukhāvinayo hoti. M.II.247.). The commentary on the above passage also takes this allusion to mean a careful and sensible scrutiny to the situation with the criteria of the dhamma (Dhammanetti samanumajjitabbā'ti dhammarajju anumajjitabbā ñāṇena ghaṃsitabbā upaparikkhitabbā.. MA.IV.48). The Suta account recommends that this same method be adopted for the Yebhuyyasikā too. If the monks in a particular monastic residence are unable to settle a monastic dispute among themselves, then they are asked to seek the assistance of monks in another monastery where they are greater in number. However, the method of deciding such issues by voting as in the Khandhakas is not envisaged here. The limitations of such a routine method were perhaps too obvious. It is not the mere mechanism of procedure that is vital here. The monastic ideals are to be safeguarded at all costs. Once the method of voting is adopted, and this is the stage the Yebhuyyasikā has reached in the Khandhakas, one could not hazard any miscarriage of justice by relying solely on the externals of procedure. This naturally necessitated the practice of canvassing for the righteous cause, for the spirit of democracy in the Saṅgha, in ay case, had to be channelled for the achievement of its worthy ideals. In the Sutta account both Amūḷhavinaya and Tassapāpiyyasikā bring before us miscreants who try to defend themselves by denying the charges brought against them. The Tassapāpiyyasikā in particular is calculated to tighten the ring round such evasive characters (Taṃ enaṃ nibbeṭhentaṃ ativeṭheti. M.II.248). Persuation and pressure are continuously applied until the offender stands condemned on his own admission. Here it gives no indication of a daṇḍakamma whatsoever. Under the Amūḷhavinaya a guilty monk may, under cross examination, adduce a stage of mental derangement as a mitigating factor. He may thereby be completely absolved. The Tiṇavatthāraka and the Sativinaya remain more or less the same in both the Sutta and the Vinaya accounts. The Adhikaraṇasamathas, as part of the machinery for the maintenance of monastic discipline, concern themselves with all the four forms of adhikaraṇa including Āpattādhikaraṇa. Thus they embrace a wider field of activity than the Pātimokkha. Hence it is little wonder that the Pātimokkha, both as text and as ritual, appended to itself in course of time the Adhikaraṇasamathas, although as we have pointed earlier one cannot reckon these items of Adhikaraṇasamathas as sikkhāpada. Explaining the recital of the Adhikaraṇasamathas at the ritual of the Pātimokkha (Ime kho pana āyasmanto satta adhikaraṇasamathadhammā uddesaṃ āgacchanti. Vin.IV.207), Buddhaghosa says that they have to be recited in order to ascertain the purity of the Saṅgha both with regard to the transgressions listed under Āpattādhikaraṇa as well as those transgressions which bring about the other three adhikaraṇas (Uddesaṃ āgacchantī ti āpattādikaraṇasaṅkhātāsu avasesādhikaraṇa-ttayapaccayāsu ca āpattisu parisuddhabhāvapucchanatthaṃ uddisitabbaṃ āgacchanti. Kkvt.153). As a result of this very close associaton of the Adhikaraṇasamathas with the ritual of the Pātimokkha they evidently came to be identified, perhaps in some circles, as a part of the text of the Pātimokkha. Buddhaghosa's analysis of the contents of the two Vibhaṅgas in the Samantapāsādikā makes no discrimination against them.1 However, in the Sumangalavilasini Buddhaghosa does not add the seven Adhikaraṇasamathas in totalling up the sikkhāpada of the Vibhaṅgas.2 Whatever might have been the original intention of reading out the list of Adhikaraṇasamathas at the Pātimokkha ritual the point of interest here is the manner in which this new addition is integrated to form a whole with the body of sikkhāpada which formed the contents of the early recital. At the ritual of the Pātimokkha, after the recital of the Adhikaraṇasamathas too, the question regarding the purity of the members of the assembly which had been asked with regard to each category of offences in the Pātimokkha is addressed to the Saṅgha once again: Uddiṭṭhā kho āyasmanto satta adhikaraṇasamathā dhammā. Tattha āyasmante pucchāmi kacci'ttha parisuddhā. Vin.IV.207. These Adhikaraṇasamathas are clearly not offences but are only ways by means of which the collective organization of the Saṅgha may arrive at a settlement of monastic disputes and disturbances including the commission of offences (āpattādhikaraṇa). Hence we would normally expect the purpose of the above question to be to ascertain whether there has been any irregularity of procedure in the settlement of monastic disputes among the members of the Saṅgha. If that were so we would regard this extension of the process of questioning as an attempt to safeguard the machinery set up for the maintenance of monastic discipline. In this case it would be the Saṅgha as a whole and not individual monks who would be held responsible. On the other hand, it could also be a mere mechanical extension of the method of questioning which was applied to the earlier groups of sikkhāpada. The Mahāsaṅghikas show a further extension of this process of questioning. They go beyond the Adhikaraṇasamathas to apply the question of purity in terms of a new group of their own which they call dharma and anudharma.1 However, in the absence of any conclusive evidence regarding the inclusion of Adhikaraṇasamathas in the recital of the Pātimokkha we have to fall back on the tradition of the commentators who preserve for us at least their view of contemporary trends. Buddhaghosa attempts to explain this final questioning at the end of the Pātimokkha recital as being calculated to cover all offences coming under the four adhikaraṇa (Tatthāyasmante pucchāmi kacci'ttha parisuddhā'ti tesu sattasu adhikaraṇasamathesu kacci'ttha parisuddhā. Natthi vo kiñci samathehi vupasametabban'ti pucchāmi etena sabbāpattīhi parisuddhabhāvo pucchito hoti. Kkvt.155f.). At the end of the process of detailed and specific questioning regarding the Āpattādhikaraṇa which takes place through the recital of each category of sikkhāpada in the Pātimokkha, Buddhaghosa regards this scrutiny under the Adhikaraṇasamatha as being the grand finale of the ritual of the Pātimokkha. Directory: contact contact -> The british council Erasmus Student Essay Competition 2010 Deadline contact -> Write away!” National Youth Essay Contest contact -> Essay Due: Thursday October 9th by 4: 00 Pm contact -> Ba 206 (3700) ‑ Basic Marketing Summer 2008 May 12 to June 7, 2008 Session One (four weeks) contact -> R. A. C. E. Response = Better Answers contact -> Reconstruction 1865-1877 Georgia Performance Standards contact -> Physical Safety (Violence) contact -> Clinical Biochemistry 3H03 Session 1 Download 2.57 Mb. Share with your friends: |