History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism
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First Great Awakening and, 429 foreign aid during, 88, 94, 96 impact on rest of world, 100 Minutemen in, 75–76, 431 surrender of British in, 97 Treaty of Paris ending, 100
American System, Clay’s, 178 Amnesty Act of 1872, 331 Anaconda Plan, 308 Angel Island, 378 Anglican Church, 39, 43, 44 annexation, of Texas, 203 Anthony, Susan B., 240, 250, 445–446 Antietam, Battle of, 310–311 Anti-Federalists, opposition to the Constitution, 116 Antislavery movement. See abolitionists
appellate courts, 124–125 Appomattox, 319, 320 architecture, southwest Spanish-style, 236 arms, right to bear, 138 Arnold, Benjamin, 81 arsenal, 105 art, early American, 180 See also literature; music Articles of Confederation, 103, 104, 116 revising, 105, 108, 109, 110 Asia
American expansion into, 400–401 land bridge from, 2 assembly, elected, in the colonies, 38, 42 assembly, right to peaceful, 137 Audubon, John James, 180 Austin, Moses, 201 Austin, Stephen, 201 Aztecs, 20 B Baltimore, Lord, 44 Bank of the United States, 142, 153, 178 established by Congress, 151 Jackson’s battle against, 191 Barbary States, piracy, 166–167 Barton, Clara, 309 Bear Flag Republic, 207 Bedford, Gunning, 110 Bell, Alexander Graham, 357 Beringia, land bridge, 2 Berkeley, Lord John, 42 Bessemer, Henry, 356 bicameral legislature, 121 Biddle, Nicholas, 191 Bidwell, Annie, 221–222 bill, 122 Bill of Rights, 127, 133–134 English, 52 U.S., text of, 482–483 Bingham, George Caleb, 183 Black Americans. See African Americans black codes, 325
Black Hawk, 192–193 Blackwell, Elizabeth, 249 Blaine, James G., 329 blue laws, 53 Bolívar, Simón, 171 Booth, John Wilkes, 323 Boston (Massachusetts) 51, 63 British retreat from, 81 Boston Massacre, 69–70 Boston Tea Party, 70–72 boycott, of British goods, 69 Braddock, Edward, 65 Bradford, William, 39 Brandeis, Justice Louis, 139 Breed’s Hill, 80 British East India Company, 71 Brook Farm, 243 Brooks, Preston, 295, 296 Brown, John, 294–295, 298–299 Brown v. Board of Education, 421 Bryan, William Jennings, 387, 400 buffalo, 12, 221, 342, 345 Buffalo Soldiers, 334 Bull Run, Battle of, 308–309 Bunker Hill, Battle of, 80 Burgoyne, General John, 93, 94 Burr, Aaron, 157 business, growth of big, 354–355, 359–360, 388–389 Butler, Andrew P., 295 C cabinet, president’s, 146 Cabot, John, 27 Calhoun, John C., 169 debate with Daniel Webster, 453–454 nullification crisis and, 190 California America’s claim of, 206–207 building of Central Pacific railroad in, 342–343 Californios’ legacy in, 217 Chinese immigration to, 225–226 gold rush, 224–225 mid-19th century travel to, 441–442 Native American cultural region, 3, 4–5, 8 Spanish missions, 216 statehood and slavery issue, 290 Californios, 216–217 Calvert, Cecil, Leonard, and Sir George, 44 Canada British control of, 163, 169 British troops’ capture of, 65 early explorers in, 25, 26, 27 Loyalists settling in, 100 Nez Percé flight to, 339 and Oregon country, 205 runaway slaves and, 292 canals, building of, 260
Cape Horn, sailing around, 441 capital, location of nation’s, 150–151, 156 capitalism, 178 Caribbean early explorers, 18, 19, 22 slave trade in, 20, 84 Carnegie, Andrew, 356, 367, 388–389 carpetbaggers, 328 Carteret, Sir George, 42 Cartier, Jacques, 25 Carver, George Washington, 460–461 cash crops, 38, 55, 201, 255, 272 Cather, Willa, 459 Catlin, George, 180 cattle ranching, 216, 231 Cayuse people, 219–220 Champlain, Samuel de, 25, 26 Charles II, king of England, 32, 41, 43 Chávez, César, 422 checks and balances system, 126 Cherokee people, 192, 193, 439–440 Cheyenne people, 350 Chickasaw people, 192 Chief Abraham (Seminole), 200 Chief Joseph (Nez Percé), 219, 338–339 child labor, 392, 448–449 China, 17 American trade with, 400–401 Chinese
at Angel Island, 378 in California gold rush, 225–226 as immigrants, 378–379 as railroad workers, 342–343 Choctaw people, 192 church
for free blacks, 271 for slaves, 281 position on slavery, 264 separation from state, 135, 435 Church of England, 39, 43, 44 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 222–223 cities in the colonies, 51 growth of, 265, 361–362 citizens, protection from government abuse, 138–139 Civil Rights Act of 1866, 326 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 421 civil rights movement, 418 Civil War African American soldiers in, 317 costs of, 320 death toll of, 311, 320, 454 draft during, 312, 313–314 generals of, 454–455 letters from soldiers, 456–457 medical care during, 309, 311 secession leading to, 300 strengths/weaknesses, North vs. South, 304–305 surrender of Lee, 319–320 Union blockade during, 310 weaponry of, 311 women in, 308, 309
Clark, William, 204, 212–215, 338 Clay, Henry American System, 178 Bank of the United States, 191 Compromise of 1850, 291 and the Missouri Compromise, 288 presidential campaign (1824), 179, 188 on Texas annexation, 203 as War Hawk, 169 Clemenceau, Georges, 413 Cleveland, Grover, 401 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 251 Clinton, Sir Henry, 95, 96 Cochrane, Josephine, 461 Cole, Thomas, 180 collective bargaining, 366 college
for African Americans, 334, 394, 460 for veterans, 419 for women, 246 colonies
African Americans in, 54, 55 city life in, 51 class differences in, 54 crime/punishment in, 53 farming in, 37–46, 50 formation of militias, 73 government in, 38, 39–46, 52 rights of colonists in, 52 See also individual colonies Columbian Exchange, 19 Columbus, Christopher, 17, 18–19, 22, 27, 427 Command of the Army Act, 326 commerce clause, of Constitution, 128
community property law, 237 Compromise of 1850, 291–292 Compromise of 1877, 331 computers, 417, 420 Concord (Massachusetts), 63, 75–76, 90 Confederacy, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308 See also Civil War Confederate States of America, 303 Congress, U.S., 121 deadlock over the Tallmadge Amendment, 287 division and violence over slavery, 295 impeachment by, 124 and national bank, 151 passage of Force Bill, 190 passage of laws by, 122 powers of, 122 and Reconstruction, 324–327 refusal to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, 414 structure of, 121 Supreme Court and, 125 Connecticut, 37, 41 ratification of Constitution, 133 conquistadors, 20, 22–23 conservation movement, 393 Constitution amending, 127 elastic clause of, 122, 151 Father of, 107 federal judges and, 125 Federalists’ support for, 116 as living document, 119, 421 preamble to, 120, 474 ratification of, 115 text of, 474–481 Constitutional Convention, 106–115 delegates to, 106–108, 473 issue of presidential selection, 113–114 issue of slave representation, 111–112 issue of state representation in the government, 109–110 system of checks and balances, 126 and three-fifths compromise, 112 views and beliefs of delegates, 107–108 constitutions, state, 108, 329, 433 Continental Army, 80, 87 defeat in New York, 91 end of the Revolutionary War and, 100 soldiers’ life in, 432 strengths/weaknesses, 88 victory in Trenton, 92 Continental Congress, 73, 80, 84 Cooper, James Fenimore, 438 copper mining, 230 Cornwallis, Lord Charles, 96, 97, 100 Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 22, 23, 24 corporations, set up of, 359 Cortés, Hernán, 20 cotton,
and slavery, 272–273 effect on soil, 256, 460–461 in Southern economy, 253, 256, 261, 262 and tariffs, 190 in Texas, 201 cotton gin, 256 coureurs de bois, 25 court system, federal, 124–125, 126 See also Supreme Court Covey, Edward, 276, 277 cowboys, 231, 232, 238, 345–346, 444 Crandall, Prudence, 246, 248 Crawford, William, 188 Creek people, 192, 193 “Crime Against Kansas” (Sumner speech), 295
Crocker, Charles, 341, 342 Crockett, Davy, 182, 202 Crook, General George, 349 Crow people, 218 cruel and unusual punishment, 141 “Cry of Dolores” (Hidalgo speech), 171 Cuba, 402–403, 465 Custer, George, 350
D’Angelo, Pascal, 374, 375 Darwin, Charles, 389 Davis, Captain Isaac, 76 Davis, Jefferson, 304–306 Dawes, William, 75 de la Salle, Robert, 26 de Niza, Marcos, 23 death penalty, 141 Decatur, Stephen, 167 Declaration of Independence drafting and adoption of, 83–84 text of, 470–472 and debate over slavery, 84 Declaration of Sentiments, 249 defendants, rights of, 139–140 deforestation, 254, 393 Delaware, 37 ratification of Constitution, 133 Delaware people, 43 democracy, 38, 153
Democratic Party northern/southern split, 299 origins of, 188 and the Populists, 387 and Reconstruction, 328–333 vs. Republican Party, 188, 299, 328, 414 departments, executive, 124, 146 Dewey, Admiral George, 404 Dickens, Charles, 448 Dickinson, Charles, 187–188 Diné (Navajo) people, 426 discrimination African Americans, 270–271, 317, 394, 418 Chinese, 226 immigrants, 266, 372, 382 Jews, 377, 463 Mexicanos, 229 religious minorities, 418 district courts, 124–125 District of Columbia, 151, 156 Dix, Dorothea, 244, 309 Dodge, Grenville, 341–342 Douglas, Stephen A., 293–295, 298, 299, 303 Lincoln’s debates with, 298 Douglass, Frederick, 247, 270, 271, 279 abolition movement and, 247 publisher of North Star, 247 and treatment of slaves, 275, 276, 277–278, 282 and voting rights, 250 “What the Black Man Wants,” 452 draft, 312, 313–314 Dred Scott decision, 296–297 DuBois, W. E. B., 269, 394 due process, 140 Dutch, in New World, 30–33 E Eastern European immigrants, 372, 376–377, 382, 463 Eastern Woodlands, Native American cultural region, 3, 4–5, 13 economy, 50 affected by Constitution, 128 building of national, 178 changes in the 20th century, 467–469 Hamilton’s and Federalist party’s view of, 150 Jefferson’s and Republican party’s view of, 153 See also Capitalism Edison, Thomas, 357 education in the colonies, 57 for freedmen in the South, 325, 332 Horace Mann’s reform of, 245–246 improvement of opportunities through, 419 Jewish immigrants and, 377 in the West, 221–222 for women, 57, 246, 249 Edwards, Jonathan, 429 18-year-old vote, 127, 421, 488 Eighth Amendment, 141, 483 elastic clause of Constitution, 122, 151 election, presidential, 114 of 1796, 155 of 1800, 157–158, 436 of 1824, 179, 188 of 1828, 185, 188 of 1860, 299 of 1876, 331 of 1960, 418 of 2000, 114 Electoral College, 114, 155, 157, 158 electric power, 357 Ellis Island, 374, 376, 377 Emancipation Proclamation, 312 Embargo Act (1807), 167 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 243, 292 Enforcement Acts, 330 England
Hamilton and, 151 Jefferson and, 153 War of 1812, 169–170 See also Great Britain English Bill of Rights, 52 English colonies Middle Colonies, 37, 42–43 New England Colonies, 37, 39–41 Southern Colonies, 38, 44–46 Enlightenment philosophy, 108 environment Native Americans and, 3, 6, 15, 426 protection of, 393 equality
civil rights and, 326, 418, 421 Fourteenth Amendment, 326, 329, 333, 421 Nineteenth Amendment, 127, 396, 421 Thirteenth Amendment, 127 Twenty-sixth Amendment, 127, 421 See also women’s rights Erie Canal, 260 Europe, outbreak of World War I, 408 European exploration Dutch, 30–32 English, 27–29 French, 25–26 Spanish, 18–24 Exclusion Act, Chinese, 378 executive branch of government, 109, 123–124, 126, 146 departments of, 124, 146 powers of, 124 expansionism, 399–400 Louisiana Purchase and, 198–199 manifest destiny and, 197 exploration European, 18–32 Frémont, John C., 213 Lewis and Clark expedition, 212–215 Pike, Zebulon 213
factories, 257–259, 353 mass production in, 357 working conditions in, 364, 448–449 See also Triangle Shirtwaist Factory famine, in Ireland, 266 Farmers’ Alliances, 387 farmers/farming in the colonies, 37, 38, 45, 50 irrigation and, 234 Mexican, 234, 381 Native American 6, 11, 13, 14 protest against big business, 386–387 Farragut, Admiral David, 310, 315 Federal system, and state government, 128–129
Federalist Party Alexander Hamilton and, 149–151 division during 1800 presidential campaign, 157, 165 opposition to the War of 1812, 168, 170 preferred form of government, 150 Republican party vs., 147–148, 154 support for Constitution, 116, 133 view of French Revolution, 148, 153–154
feminism, 419, 422 fiestas, 216, 238 Fifteenth Amendment, 328, 329, 332, 484–485 Fifth Amendment, 139–140, 297, 482 54th Massachusetts Infantry, 317 Finney, Charles G., 242 First Amendment, 135–137, 482 First Continental Congress, 73, 74 First Great Awakening, 56, 242, 429 Five Civilized Tribes, 192 Florida
Spanish control of, 22, 23, 163, 200 U.S. invasion and acquisition of, 200 folk art, 180 Force Bill, 190 Ford, Henry, 420, 461–462 foreign policy of Adams (John), 164–165 of Adams (John Quincy), 437 in Asia and the Pacific, 400–401, 404–405 Congress and, 128 of Jefferson, 166–167 in Latin America (late 1800s), 402–403, 405–406 of Madison, 168–170 of Monroe, (Monroe Doctrine), 171–172 of Washington, 161, 163 in World War I, 408, 410, 411 Fort Duquesne, 64 Fort McHenry, 169, 175 Fort Sumter, 300, 303 Fort Ticonderoga, 81 Fort Wagner, 317 forty-niners, 224–225 Foster, Stephen, 181 Fourteen Points, 413, 414 Fourteenth Amendment, 326, 329, 333, 421, 484 Fourth Amendment, 139, 482 Fox people, 192 France
Adams and U.S. relations with, 164–165 ally of the Continental Army, 94 and American ships, 167 Canada, claim to, 25–26 in Florida, 23 influence of the Revolution on, 100 Louisiana, claim to, 26, 198 Ohio Valley conflict and, 164, 165 role in American Revolution, 88, 94, 96 role in World War I, 408, 409, 412 See also French Revolution Franklin, Benjamin, 49, 55, 84, 88, 107 antislavery views, 111 at Constitutional Convention, 107, 113, 115 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 408 free blacks, 264, 269, 270–271 freedmen, 324–325, 326, 327, 328, 332 Freedmen’s Bureau, 324–325 and public schools, 325, 332 freedom of assembly, 135, 137 freedom to petition, 135, 137 freedom of the press, 136–137 freedom of religion, 135–136, 435 freedom of speech, 135, 136–137 free-soilers, 294 free states, 286 Frémont, John C., 206, 213 French and Indian War, 63, 65 French Revolution Americans’ view of, 163 Hamilton and, 151 impact of American Revolution on, 100 Jefferson and, 147–148, 153–154 Frick, Henry Clay, 367 Friedan, Betty, 422 fugitive slave clause, of Constitution, 112 Fugitive Slave Law, 290, 291, 292, 300 Fuller, Margaret, 447 Fulton, Robert, 260 Fundamental Orders, 41 fur trade, 25, 26, 31, 217–218
Gadsden Purchase, 208 gag rule, 289, 290 Gage, General Thomas, 69, 74, 75 Garrison, William Lloyd, 247, 451 Genet, Edmond, 154, 155 George, David Lloyd, 413 George II, king of England, 46 George III, king of England, 66, 69, 72, 74 American Revolutionary War and, 89, 100 answer to the First Continental Congress, 74 crimes of, in Declaration of Independence, 83, 470–472 Georgia, 38, 46 opposition to ending slavery, 112 ratification of Constitution, 133 Sherman’s march through, 319 slave owners’ issues with Florida, 200 Germain, Lord George, 89–90 Germany, 89, 266, 408–414 Gerry, Elbridge, 111, 115 Gettysburg, Battle of, 312–314 Gettysburg Address, 314 Giants in the Earth (Rolvaag), 459 Gibbons v. Ogden, 179 Gideon v. Wainwright, 421 Gilded Age, 355 Glorious Revolution, 52 gold mining, 19, 224–225, 230, 338, 343–344, 443 gold rush, California, 224–225 Gompers, Samuel, 366 Gooding, James Henry, 317 government Articles of Confederation, 103, 105 branches of, 121–125 developed at Constitutional Convention, 109–110 popular participation in, 130, 391 separation of powers, 128–129, 142 grand jury hearing, right to, 139 Granges, organization of, 386–387 Grant, General Ulysses S. in Civil War, 310, 316, 318, 319, 320, 455 presidential campaign (1868), 328, 455 Great American Desert, 213, 346 Great Awakening First, 56, 429 Second, 242 Great Basin, Native American cultural region, 3, 4–5, 9 Great Britain U.S. relations with, 151, 153, 163, 164 impressment of American sailors, 166, 168 In World War I, 408–410 Great Compromise, 110 Great Depression, 419 Great Law of 1682, 43 Great Plains, Native American cultural region, 3, 4–5, 12 Great Seal, of the United States, 160–161 Greeley, Horace, 211, 294 Greene, General Nathaniel, 96 Greenhow, Rose, 308, 309
Grenville, George, 67 Grimke, Angelina and Sarah, 247, 248 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 208, 229 guerillas, 96
habeas corpus, 313 Hamilton, Alexander, 116, 145, 149 Federalist Party and, 149–151 presidential campaign (1800), 157 supporting Jefferson, 158 view of human nature, 149 Whiskey Rebellion and, 147 Hancock, John, 106, 133, 134 Harlan, Justice John Marshall, 333 Harrison, William Henry, 169, 170 Hartford (Connecticut), 41 Hawaii, annexation of, 401 Hay, John, 403 Hayes, Rutherford B., 331 Haynes, Lemuel, 271 Henry, Patrick, 73, 79, 106 Hidalgo, Miguel, 171 Hispanics. See Mexican Americans Hitler, Adolf, 414 Homestead Act, 340 Homestead (Pennsylvania) strike, 367 homesteads, 220, 346–347, 444 Hooker, Thomas, 41 House of Burgesses, 45 House of Representatives, 109, 110, 121, 124 powers described in Constitution, 474–476 powers of impeachment, 124, 327 housing economics of, in the 20th century, 468 in the Gilded Age, 354, 355 Native American, 5, 7, 8, 10 on the prairie, 347 for slaves, 275 in tenements, 361, 375, 377, 464–465 Houston, Sam, 203 How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 464–465 Howe, Elias, 258 Howe, General William, 80, 81, 90, 92, 95 occupation of Philadelphia, 93, 94 Hudson, Henry, 30 Hudson River School of painting, 180,182 Huron people, 26, 31 Hutchinson, Anne, 40 I Ice Age, migration and, 2 “I Have a Dream” (King speech), 418 immigrants assimilation of, 372, 382 Chinese, 225–226, 378–379 discrimination against, 226, 229, 266, 372, 377, 382, 463 Eastern European Jews, 371, 376–377, 463 Irish and German (1845–1860), 266 Italian, 374–375 as labor for industry, 353, 371, 372, 388 as labor for agriculture, 381 living conditions of, 361, 375, 377, 464–465 Mexican, 380–381 as refuges, 266, 372, 376, 380 religious diversity of, 372 Russian, 347, 463 undocumented, 420 in the West, 459 immigration between 1820 and 1990, 373 restriction of, and quota system, 382 impeachment, of president, 124 of Andrew Johnson, 327 imperialism, 400 impressment, of American sailors, 166, 168 “Inaugural Address, First” (Jefferson), 436 inauguration Jackson’s, 186 Washington’s, 146 Incas, 21 indentured servants, 35, 45, 54, 58 Independence Hall, 106, 120 Indians. See Native Americans Indian Removal Act, 192, 349 Indian wars, 334, 339, 349–350, 439 Industrial Revolution, 257–259 industrialists, 257, 259, 388–389 Directory: juniorhigh Share with your friends:
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