First Great Awakening and, 429
foreign aid during, 88, 94, 96
impact on rest of world, 100
Minutemen in, 75–76, 431
surrender of British in, 97
Treaty of Paris ending, 100
American Slavery As It Is (Weld), 451
American System, Clay’s, 178
Amnesty Act of 1872, 331
Anaconda Plan, 308
Angel Island, 378
Anglican Church, 39, 43, 44
annexation, of Texas, 203
Anthony, Susan B., 240, 250, 445–446
Antietam, Battle of, 310–311
Anti-Federalists, opposition to the Constitution, 116
Antislavery movement. See abolitionists
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (Walker), 451–452
appellate courts, 124–125
Appomattox, 319, 320
architecture, southwest Spanish-style, 236
arms, right to bear, 138
Arnold, Benjamin, 81
arsenal, 105
art, early American, 180
See also literature; music
Articles of Confederation, 103, 104, 116
revising, 105, 108, 109, 110
Asia
American expansion into, 400–401
land bridge from, 2
assembly, elected, in the colonies, 38, 42
assembly, right to peaceful, 137
Audubon, John James, 180
Austin, Moses, 201
Austin, Stephen, 201
Aztecs, 20
B
Baltimore, Lord, 44
Bank of the United States, 142, 153, 178
established by Congress, 151
Jackson’s battle against, 191
Barbary States, piracy, 166–167
Barton, Clara, 309
Bear Flag Republic, 207
Bedford, Gunning, 110
Bell, Alexander Graham, 357
Beringia, land bridge, 2
Berkeley, Lord John, 42
Bessemer, Henry, 356
bicameral legislature, 121
Biddle, Nicholas, 191
Bidwell, Annie, 221–222
bill, 122
Bill of Rights, 127, 133–134
English, 52
U.S., text of, 482–483
Bingham, George Caleb, 183
Black Americans. See African Americans
black codes, 325
See also Jim Crow laws
Black Hawk, 192–193
Blackwell, Elizabeth, 249
Blaine, James G., 329
blue laws, 53
Bolívar, Simón, 171
Booth, John Wilkes, 323
Boston (Massachusetts) 51, 63
British retreat from, 81
Boston Massacre, 69–70
Boston Tea Party, 70–72
boycott, of British goods, 69
Braddock, Edward, 65
Bradford, William, 39
Brandeis, Justice Louis, 139
Breed’s Hill, 80
British East India Company, 71
Brook Farm, 243
Brooks, Preston, 295, 296
Brown, John, 294–295, 298–299
Brown v. Board of Education, 421
Bryan, William Jennings, 387, 400
buffalo, 12, 221, 342, 345
Buffalo Soldiers, 334
Bull Run, Battle of, 308–309
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 80
Burgoyne, General John, 93, 94
Burr, Aaron, 157
business, growth of big, 354–355, 359–360, 388–389
Butler, Andrew P., 295
C
cabinet, president’s, 146
Cabot, John, 27
Calhoun, John C., 169
debate with Daniel Webster, 453–454
nullification crisis and, 190
California
America’s claim of, 206–207
building of Central Pacific railroad in, 342–343
Californios’ legacy in, 217
Chinese immigration to, 225–226
gold rush, 224–225
mid-19th century travel to, 441–442
Native American cultural region, 3, 4–5, 8
Spanish missions, 216
statehood and slavery issue, 290
Californios, 216–217
Calvert, Cecil, Leonard, and Sir George, 44
Canada
British control of, 163, 169
British troops’ capture of, 65
early explorers in, 25, 26, 27
Loyalists settling in, 100
Nez Percé flight to, 339
and Oregon country, 205
runaway slaves and, 292
canals, building of, 260
Canyons of the Colorado (Powell), 444–445
Cape Horn, sailing around, 441
capital, location of nation’s, 150–151, 156
capitalism, 178
Caribbean
early explorers, 18, 19, 22
slave trade in, 20, 84
Carnegie, Andrew, 356, 367, 388–389
carpetbaggers, 328
Carteret, Sir George, 42
Cartier, Jacques, 25
Carver, George Washington, 460–461
cash crops, 38, 55, 201, 255, 272
Cather, Willa, 459
Catlin, George, 180
cattle ranching, 216, 231
Cayuse people, 219–220
Champlain, Samuel de, 25, 26
Charles II, king of England, 32, 41, 43
Chávez, César, 422
checks and balances system, 126
Cherokee people, 192, 193, 439–440
Cheyenne people, 350
Chickasaw people, 192
Chief Abraham (Seminole), 200
Chief Joseph (Nez Percé), 219, 338–339
child labor, 392, 448–449
China, 17
American trade with, 400–401
Chinese
at Angel Island, 378
in California gold rush, 225–226
as immigrants, 378–379
as railroad workers, 342–343
Choctaw people, 192
church
for free blacks, 271
for slaves, 281
position on slavery, 264
separation from state, 135, 435
Church of England, 39, 43, 44
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 222–223
cities
in the colonies, 51
growth of, 265, 361–362
citizens, protection from government abuse, 138–139
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 326
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 421
civil rights movement, 418
Civil War
African American soldiers in, 317
costs of, 320
death toll of, 311, 320, 454
draft during, 312, 313–314
generals of, 454–455
letters from soldiers, 456–457
medical care during, 309, 311
secession leading to, 300
strengths/weaknesses, North vs. South, 304–305
surrender of Lee, 319–320
Union blockade during, 310
weaponry of, 311
women in, 308, 309
See also individual battles
Clark, William, 204, 212–215, 338
Clay, Henry
American System, 178
Bank of the United States, 191
Compromise of 1850, 291
and the Missouri Compromise, 288
presidential campaign (1824), 179, 188
on Texas annexation, 203
as War Hawk, 169
Clemenceau, Georges, 413
Cleveland, Grover, 401
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 251
Clinton, Sir Henry, 95, 96
Cochrane, Josephine, 461
Cole, Thomas, 180
collective bargaining, 366
college
for African Americans, 334, 394, 460
for veterans, 419
for women, 246
colonies
African Americans in, 54, 55
city life in, 51
class differences in, 54
crime/punishment in, 53
farming in, 37–46, 50
formation of militias, 73
government in, 38, 39–46, 52
rights of colonists in, 52
See also individual colonies
Columbian Exchange, 19
Columbus, Christopher, 17, 18–19, 22, 27, 427
Command of the Army Act, 326
commerce clause, of Constitution, 128
Common Sense, (Paine), 82, 430
community property law, 237
Compromise of 1850, 291–292
Compromise of 1877, 331
computers, 417, 420
Concord (Massachusetts), 63, 75–76, 90
Confederacy, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308
See also Civil War
Confederate States of America, 303
Congress, U.S., 121
deadlock over the Tallmadge Amendment, 287
division and violence over slavery, 295
impeachment by, 124
and national bank, 151
passage of Force Bill, 190
passage of laws by, 122
powers of, 122
and Reconstruction, 324–327
refusal to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, 414
structure of, 121
Supreme Court and, 125
Connecticut, 37, 41
ratification of Constitution, 133
conquistadors, 20, 22–23
conservation movement, 393
Constitution
amending, 127
elastic clause of, 122, 151
Father of, 107
federal judges and, 125
Federalists’ support for, 116
as living document, 119, 421
preamble to, 120, 474
ratification of, 115
text of, 474–481
Constitutional Convention, 106–115
delegates to, 106–108, 473
issue of presidential selection, 113–114
issue of slave representation, 111–112
issue of state representation in the government, 109–110
system of checks and balances, 126
and three-fifths compromise, 112
views and beliefs of delegates, 107–108
constitutions, state, 108, 329, 433
Continental Army, 80, 87
defeat in New York, 91
end of the Revolutionary War and, 100
soldiers’ life in, 432
strengths/weaknesses, 88
victory in Trenton, 92
Continental Congress, 73, 80, 84
Cooper, James Fenimore, 438
copper mining, 230
Cornwallis, Lord Charles, 96, 97, 100
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 22, 23, 24
corporations, set up of, 359
Cortés, Hernán, 20
cotton,
and slavery, 272–273
effect on soil, 256, 460–461
in Southern economy, 253, 256, 261, 262
and tariffs, 190
in Texas, 201
cotton gin, 256
coureurs de bois, 25
court system, federal, 124–125, 126
See also Supreme Court
Covey, Edward, 276, 277
cowboys, 231, 232, 238, 345–346, 444
Crandall, Prudence, 246, 248
Crawford, William, 188
Creek people, 192, 193
“Crime Against Kansas” (Sumner speech), 295
Crisis, The (Paine), 92
Crocker, Charles, 341, 342
Crockett, Davy, 182, 202
Crook, General George, 349
Crow people, 218
cruel and unusual punishment, 141
“Cry of Dolores” (Hidalgo speech), 171
Cuba, 402–403, 465
Custer, George, 350
D
D’Angelo, Pascal, 374, 375
Darwin, Charles, 389
Davis, Captain Isaac, 76
Davis, Jefferson, 304–306
Dawes, William, 75
de la Salle, Robert, 26
de Niza, Marcos, 23
death penalty, 141
Decatur, Stephen, 167
Declaration of Independence
drafting and adoption of, 83–84
text of, 470–472
and debate over slavery, 84
Declaration of Sentiments, 249
defendants, rights of, 139–140
deforestation, 254, 393
Delaware, 37
ratification of Constitution, 133
Delaware people, 43
democracy, 38, 153
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 175, 177
Democratic Party
northern/southern split, 299
origins of, 188
and the Populists, 387
and Reconstruction, 328–333
vs. Republican Party, 188, 299, 328, 414
departments, executive, 124, 146
Dewey, Admiral George, 404
Dickens, Charles, 448
Dickinson, Charles, 187–188
Diné (Navajo) people, 426
discrimination
African Americans, 270–271, 317, 394, 418
Chinese, 226
immigrants, 266, 372, 382
Jews, 377, 463
Mexicanos, 229
religious minorities, 418
district courts, 124–125
District of Columbia, 151, 156
Dix, Dorothea, 244, 309
Dodge, Grenville, 341–342
Douglas, Stephen A., 293–295, 298, 299, 303
Lincoln’s debates with, 298
Douglass, Frederick, 247, 270, 271, 279
abolition movement and, 247
publisher of North Star, 247
and treatment of slaves, 275, 276, 277–278, 282
and voting rights, 250
“What the Black Man Wants,” 452
draft, 312, 313–314
Dred Scott decision, 296–297
DuBois, W. E. B., 269, 394
due process, 140
Dutch, in New World, 30–33
E
Eastern European immigrants, 372, 376–377, 382, 463
Eastern Woodlands, Native American cultural region, 3, 4–5, 13
economy, 50
affected by Constitution, 128
building of national, 178
changes in the 20th century, 467–469
Hamilton’s and Federalist party’s view of, 150
Jefferson’s and Republican party’s view of, 153
See also Capitalism
Edison, Thomas, 357
education
in the colonies, 57
for freedmen in the South, 325, 332
Horace Mann’s reform of, 245–246
improvement of opportunities through, 419
Jewish immigrants and, 377
in the West, 221–222
for women, 57, 246, 249
Edwards, Jonathan, 429
18-year-old vote, 127, 421, 488
Eighth Amendment, 141, 483
elastic clause of Constitution, 122, 151
election, presidential, 114
of 1796, 155
of 1800, 157–158, 436
of 1824, 179, 188
of 1828, 185, 188
of 1860, 299
of 1876, 331
of 1960, 418
of 2000, 114
Electoral College, 114, 155, 157, 158
electric power, 357
Ellis Island, 374, 376, 377
Emancipation Proclamation, 312
Embargo Act (1807), 167
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 243, 292
Enforcement Acts, 330
England
Hamilton and, 151
Jefferson and, 153
War of 1812, 169–170
See also Great Britain
English Bill of Rights, 52
English colonies
Middle Colonies, 37, 42–43
New England Colonies, 37, 39–41
Southern Colonies, 38, 44–46
Enlightenment philosophy, 108
environment
Native Americans and, 3, 6, 15, 426
protection of, 393
equality
civil rights and, 326, 418, 421
Fourteenth Amendment, 326, 329, 333, 421
Nineteenth Amendment, 127, 396, 421
Thirteenth Amendment, 127
Twenty-sixth Amendment, 127, 421
See also women’s rights
Erie Canal, 260
Europe, outbreak of World War I, 408
European exploration
Dutch, 30–32
English, 27–29
French, 25–26
Spanish, 18–24
Exclusion Act, Chinese, 378
executive branch of government, 109, 123–124, 126, 146
departments of, 124, 146
powers of, 124
expansionism, 399–400
Louisiana Purchase and, 198–199
manifest destiny and, 197
exploration
European, 18–32
Frémont, John C., 213
Lewis and Clark expedition, 212–215
Pike, Zebulon 213
F
factories, 257–259, 353
mass production in, 357
working conditions in, 364, 448–449
See also Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
famine, in Ireland, 266
Farmers’ Alliances, 387
farmers/farming
in the colonies, 37, 38, 45, 50
irrigation and, 234
Mexican, 234, 381
Native American 6, 11, 13, 14
protest against big business, 386–387
Farragut, Admiral David, 310, 315
Federal system, and state government, 128–129
Federalist Papers, 116
Federalist Party
Alexander Hamilton and, 149–151
division during 1800 presidential campaign, 157, 165
opposition to the War of 1812, 168, 170
preferred form of government, 150
Republican party vs., 147–148, 154
support for Constitution, 116, 133
view of French Revolution, 148, 153–154
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 422
feminism, 419, 422
fiestas, 216, 238
Fifteenth Amendment, 328, 329, 332, 484–485
Fifth Amendment, 139–140, 297, 482
54th Massachusetts Infantry, 317
Finney, Charles G., 242
First Amendment, 135–137, 482
First Continental Congress, 73, 74
First Great Awakening, 56, 242, 429
Five Civilized Tribes, 192
Florida
Spanish control of, 22, 23, 163, 200
U.S. invasion and acquisition of, 200
folk art, 180
Force Bill, 190
Ford, Henry, 420, 461–462
foreign policy
of Adams (John), 164–165
of Adams (John Quincy), 437
in Asia and the Pacific, 400–401, 404–405
Congress and, 128
of Jefferson, 166–167
in Latin America (late 1800s), 402–403, 405–406
of Madison, 168–170
of Monroe, (Monroe Doctrine), 171–172
of Washington, 161, 163
in World War I, 408, 410, 411
Fort Duquesne, 64
Fort McHenry, 169, 175
Fort Sumter, 300, 303
Fort Ticonderoga, 81
Fort Wagner, 317
forty-niners, 224–225
Foster, Stephen, 181
Fourteen Points, 413, 414
Fourteenth Amendment, 326, 329, 333, 421, 484
Fourth Amendment, 139, 482
Fox people, 192
France
Adams and U.S. relations with, 164–165
ally of the Continental Army, 94
and American ships, 167
Canada, claim to, 25–26
in Florida, 23
influence of the Revolution on, 100
Louisiana, claim to, 26, 198
Ohio Valley conflict and, 164, 165
role in American Revolution, 88, 94, 96
role in World War I, 408, 409, 412
See also French Revolution
Franklin, Benjamin, 49, 55, 84, 88, 107
antislavery views, 111
at Constitutional Convention, 107, 113, 115
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 408
free blacks, 264, 269, 270–271
freedmen, 324–325, 326, 327, 328, 332
Freedmen’s Bureau, 324–325
and public schools, 325, 332
freedom of assembly, 135, 137
freedom to petition, 135, 137
freedom of the press, 136–137
freedom of religion, 135–136, 435
freedom of speech, 135, 136–137
free-soilers, 294
free states, 286
Frémont, John C., 206, 213
French and Indian War, 63, 65
French Revolution
Americans’ view of, 163
Hamilton and, 151
impact of American Revolution on, 100
Jefferson and, 147–148, 153–154
Frick, Henry Clay, 367
Friedan, Betty, 422
fugitive slave clause, of Constitution, 112
Fugitive Slave Law, 290, 291, 292, 300
Fuller, Margaret, 447
Fulton, Robert, 260
Fundamental Orders, 41
fur trade, 25, 26, 31, 217–218
G
Gadsden Purchase, 208
gag rule, 289, 290
Gage, General Thomas, 69, 74, 75
Garrison, William Lloyd, 247, 451
Genet, Edmond, 154, 155
George, David Lloyd, 413
George II, king of England, 46
George III, king of England, 66, 69, 72, 74
American Revolutionary War and, 89, 100
answer to the First Continental Congress, 74
crimes of, in Declaration of Independence, 83, 470–472
Georgia, 38, 46
opposition to ending slavery, 112
ratification of Constitution, 133
Sherman’s march through, 319
slave owners’ issues with Florida, 200
Germain, Lord George, 89–90
Germany, 89, 266, 408–414
Gerry, Elbridge, 111, 115
Gettysburg, Battle of, 312–314
Gettysburg Address, 314
Giants in the Earth (Rolvaag), 459
Gibbons v. Ogden, 179
Gideon v. Wainwright, 421
Gilded Age, 355
Glorious Revolution, 52
gold mining, 19, 224–225, 230, 338, 343–344, 443
gold rush, California, 224–225
Gompers, Samuel, 366
Gooding, James Henry, 317
government
Articles of Confederation, 103, 105
branches of, 121–125
developed at Constitutional Convention, 109–110
popular participation in, 130, 391
separation of powers, 128–129, 142
grand jury hearing, right to, 139
Granges, organization of, 386–387
Grant, General Ulysses S.
in Civil War, 310, 316, 318, 319, 320, 455
presidential campaign (1868), 328, 455
Great American Desert, 213, 346
Great Awakening
First, 56, 429
Second, 242
Great Basin, Native American cultural region, 3, 4–5, 9
Great Britain
U.S. relations with, 151, 153, 163, 164
impressment of American sailors, 166, 168
In World War I, 408–410
Great Compromise, 110
Great Depression, 419
Great Law of 1682, 43
Great Plains, Native American cultural region, 3, 4–5, 12
Great Seal, of the United States, 160–161
Greeley, Horace, 211, 294
Greene, General Nathaniel, 96
Greenhow, Rose, 308, 309
Gregg v. Georgia, 141
Gregory v. Chicago, 137
Grenville, George, 67
Grimke, Angelina and Sarah, 247, 248
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 208, 229
guerillas, 96
H
habeas corpus, 313
Hamilton, Alexander, 116, 145, 149
Federalist Party and, 149–151
presidential campaign (1800), 157
supporting Jefferson, 158
view of human nature, 149
Whiskey Rebellion and, 147
Hancock, John, 106, 133, 134
Harlan, Justice John Marshall, 333
Harrison, William Henry, 169, 170
Hartford (Connecticut), 41
Hawaii, annexation of, 401
Hay, John, 403
Hayes, Rutherford B., 331
Haynes, Lemuel, 271
Henry, Patrick, 73, 79, 106
Hidalgo, Miguel, 171
Hispanics. See Mexican Americans
Hitler, Adolf, 414
Homestead Act, 340
Homestead (Pennsylvania) strike, 367
homesteads, 220, 346–347, 444
Hooker, Thomas, 41
House of Burgesses, 45
House of Representatives, 109, 110, 121, 124
powers described in Constitution, 474–476
powers of impeachment, 124, 327
housing
economics of, in the 20th century, 468
in the Gilded Age, 354, 355
Native American, 5, 7, 8, 10
on the prairie, 347
for slaves, 275
in tenements, 361, 375, 377, 464–465
Houston, Sam, 203
How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 464–465
Howe, Elias, 258
Howe, General William, 80, 81, 90, 92, 95
occupation of Philadelphia, 93, 94
Hudson, Henry, 30
Hudson River School of painting, 180,182
Huron people, 26, 31
Hutchinson, Anne, 40
I
Ice Age, migration and, 2
“I Have a Dream” (King speech), 418
immigrants
assimilation of, 372, 382
Chinese, 225–226, 378–379
discrimination against, 226, 229, 266, 372, 377, 382, 463
Eastern European Jews, 371, 376–377, 463
Irish and German (1845–1860), 266
Italian, 374–375
as labor for industry, 353, 371, 372, 388
as labor for agriculture, 381
living conditions of, 361, 375, 377, 464–465
Mexican, 380–381
as refuges, 266, 372, 376, 380
religious diversity of, 372
Russian, 347, 463
undocumented, 420
in the West, 459
immigration
between 1820 and 1990, 373
restriction of, and quota system, 382
impeachment, of president, 124
of Andrew Johnson, 327
imperialism, 400
impressment, of American sailors, 166, 168
“Inaugural Address, First” (Jefferson), 436
inauguration
Jackson’s, 186
Washington’s, 146
Incas, 21
indentured servants, 35, 45, 54, 58
Independence Hall, 106, 120
Indians. See Native Americans
Indian Removal Act, 192, 349
Indian wars, 334, 339, 349–350, 439
Industrial Revolution, 257–259
industrialists, 257, 259, 388–389
Share with your friends: |