Introduction: About this Guide 3
Part One Background and Conceptual Clarifications for Gender Analysis of Census Data 5
Chapter 1: Gender in Population and Housing Censuses 6
A. The Scope of Census Data 6
B. Gender Analysis of Census Data 9
Chapter 2: Conceptual Clarifications on Gender Equality and Gender-Responsive Data Analysis 15
A. Sex and Gender 15
B. Measuring sex/gender differences, gender inequality and gender inequity through gender analysis 17
C. Some issues in data analysis and the construction of indicators 21
Part Two 10 Key Gender Issues Analysed with Census Data 32
Chapter 3: Fertility 34
Chapter 4: Mortality 57
Recommended census questions to estimate maternal deaths: 64
Chapter 5: Sex Ratio at Birth and throughout the Life Cycle 66
Chapter 6: Marital Status, Polygamy, Widowhood and Child Marriage 85
Country Example 7: Gender and Long-term Shifts in Rates of Marriage and Divorce in the United States 96
Teachman et al. (2000) used three national censuses and a variety of sources to examine changes in marital status of American women over a period of three decades. Overall, they report a general decline over time in the early formation of marriages, a growing tendency to never marry (especially for some racial and ethnic groups), and an increase over time in the dissolution of marriages. The more specific findings fall into three areas: marriage, singlehood and divorce. 96
Chapter 7: Households and Families 113
Chapter 8: Income, Poverty and Living Conditions 146
Chapter 9: Education and Literacy 168
Chapter 10: Work, Economic Activities and Social Protection 180
Chapter 11: Migration 197
Chapter 12: Disability 210
Conclusions 230
References 232
Inhorn, M. C. and F. Valen Balen (2002). Infertility around the globe: new thinking on childlessness, gender, and reproductive technologies. Berkeley CA, University of California Press. 239
APPENDICES 253
Appendix 1: Gender-Relevant Issues in 2005-2014 Census Forms 253
Appendix 2: Glossary of important gender terms 264
Appendix 3: Mapping of Resources on Gender Statistics, Relevant to the Gender Analysis of Census Data 267
Appendix 4: A Brief Overview of the Evolution of Gender Statistics 271
Appendix 5: From Understanding the Gender Data Gap to Improving the Production and Analysis of Gender Statistics 275
Appendix 6: How to Apply this Guide in a Country Context 281
1. This guide is meant to serve as a tool for the staff of National Statistical Offices (NSOs) - possibly in collaboration with academic or research institutions -, National Ministries responsible for gender equality and women’s empowerment, and civil society gender advocates, to be used in their efforts to promote equality, human rights and equity issues between women and men through the appropriate analysis of census data. It is also expected to be utilized by various United Nations Regional, Sub-regional and Country Offices in the gender analysis of census data, to better support government partners in their formulation of gender-responsive policies and programmes in all areas and all levels of government.
3. Promoting gender-responsive census analysis is in line with the human rights-based approach and supports countries in fulfilling their human rights obligations.
4. Carrying out gender analysis of census data can contribute to better and more sustainable human development outcomes.
5. Promoting gender analysis of census data is timely.