Chapter 7: The Roman Empire

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  Temple of Portunus (Temple of Fortuna Virilis), Rome, Italy, ca. 75 BCE
  
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  Temple of Vesta(?), Tivoli, Italy, early first century BCE
  
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  Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, Italy, late second century BCE
  
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  Roman concrete construction: barrel vault, groin vault, fenestrated sequence of groin vaults, hemispherical dome with oculus
  
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    Notes:
    

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  Man with portrait busts of his ancestors, from Rome, late first century BCE:
  
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  Head of an old man, from Osimo, mid-first century BCE
  
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  Portrait of a Roman general, from the Sanctuary of Hercules, Tivoli, Italy, ca. 75-50 BCE:
  
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  Denarius with portrait of Julius Caesar, 44 BCE
  
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  Funerary relief with portraits of the Gessii, from Rome(?), Italy, ca. 30 BCE
  
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  Pompey the Great, ca. 55-50 BCE
  
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  Funerary procession, Amiternum, ca. 50-1 BCE
  
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  Forum, Pompeii, Italy, second century BCE and later
  
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  Amphitheater, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 70 BCE
  
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  Brawl in the Pompeii amphitheater, wall painting from House I,3,23, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 60-79 CE
  
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  Roman House architecture, restored view and plan:
  
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  Peristyle, House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy, second century BCE, rebuilt 62-79 CE:
  
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  Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy:
  
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  Description of August Mau’s “Pompeian Styles”:
  
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    First Style:
    
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    Second Style:
    
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    Third Style:
    
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    Fourth Style:
    
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  First Style wall painting in the fauces of the Samnite House, Herculaneum, Italy, late second century BCE
  
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  Dionysiac mystery frieze, Second Style wall paintings in room 5 of the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 60-50 BCE
  
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  Second Style wall paintings from cubiculum M of the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, Italy, ca. 50-40 BCE
  
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  Gardenscape, Second Style wall paintings, from the Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy, ca. 30-20 BCE
  
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  Third Style wall painting, from cubiculum 15 of the Villa of Agrippa Postumus, Boscotrecase, Italy, ca. 10 BCE
  
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  Fourth Style wall paintings in room 78 of the Domus Aurea (Golden House) of Nero, Rome, Italy, 64-68 CE
  
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  Neptune and Amphitrite, wall mosaic in the summer triclinium of the House of Neptune and Amphitrite, Herculaneum, Italy, ca. 62-79 CE
  
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  Woman with stylus, Pompeii, ca. 55-70 CE
  
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  Menander, Pompeii, ca. 62-79 CE
  
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  Portrait of a husband and wife, wall painting from House VII,2,6, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 70-79 CE
  
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  Still life with peaches, detail of a Fourth Style wall painting, from Herculaneum, Italy, ca. 62-79 CE
  
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  Portrait of Augustus as general, from Primaporta, Italy, early-first-century CE copy of a bronze original of ca. 20 BCE
  
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  Portrait bust of Livia, from Arsinoe, Egypt, early first century CE
  
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  Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), Rome, Italy, 13-9 BCE
  
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  Female personification (Tellus?), panel on the east façade of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13-9 BCE
  
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  Procession of the imperial family, detail of the south frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13-9 BCE
  
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  Forum of Augustus
  
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  Maison Carrée, Nimes, France, ca. 1-10 CE
  
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  Pont-du-Gard, Nimes, France, ca. 16 BCE
  
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  Porta Maggiore, Rome, Italy, ca. 50 CE
  
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  Severus and Celer, section and plan of the octagonal hall of the Domus Aurea of Nero, Rome, Italy, 64-68 CE
  
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  Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70-80 CE
  
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  Portrait of Vespasian, ca. 75-79 CE
  
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  Portrait bust of a Flavian woman, from Rome, Italy, ca. 90 CE
  
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  Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE
  
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  Apotheosis of Titus, after 81 CE
  
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  Spoils of Jerusalem, relief panel in the passageway of the Arch of Titus
  
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  Triumph of Titus, relief panel in the passageway of the Arch of Titus
  
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  Timgad, Algeria, founded 100 CE
  
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  Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE
  
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  Funerary relief of a circus official, ca. 110-130 CE
  
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  Arch of Trajan, Benevento, ca. 114-118 CE
  
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  Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE
  
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  Sculptural details, Column of Trajan:
  
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  Markets of Trajan, Rome, Italy, ca. 100-112 CE
  
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  Portrait bust of Hadrian, from Rome, ca. 117-120 CE
  
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  Hadrianic hunting tondi, ca. 130-138 CE
  
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  Pantheon (exterior), Rome, Italy, 118-125 CE
  
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  Pantheon (interior), Rome, Italy, 118-125 CE
  
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  Restored cutaway view and lateral section of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118-125 CE
  
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  Canopus and Serapeum, Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy, ca. 125-128 CE
  
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  Al-Khazneh (Treasury), Petra, Jordan, second century CE
  
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  Model of an insula, Ostia, Italy, cecond century CE
  
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  Insula of the Painted Vaults, Ostia, ca. 200-220 CE
  
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  Neptune and creatures of the sea, detail of a floor mosaic in the Baths of Neptune, Ostia, Italy, ca. 140 CE
  
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  Funerary relief of a vegetable vendor, from Ostia, Italy, second half of second century CE
  
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  Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and Faustina, pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius, Rome, Italy, ca. 161 CE
  
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  Decursio, pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius, Rome, Italy, ca. 161 CE
  
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  Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, from Rome, Italy, ca. 175 CE
  
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  Commodus as Hercules, ca. 190-192 CE
  
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  Sarcophagus with the myth of Orestes, ca. 140-150 CE
  
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  Asiatic sarcophagus with kline portrait of a woman, from Rapolla, near Melfi, Italy, ca. 165-170 CE
  
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  Mummy portrait of a priest of Serapis, from Hawara (Faiyum), Egypt, ca. 140-160 CE
  
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  Mummy of Artemidorus, ca. 100-120 CE
  
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  Young woman, Hawara, ca. 110-120 CE
  
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  Painted portrait of Septimius Severus and his family, from Egypt, ca. 200 C
  
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  Bust of Caracalla, ca. 211-217
  
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  Caracalla, ca. 211-217 CE
  
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  Chariot procession of Septimius Severus, relief from the attic of the Arch of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna, Libya, 203 CE
  
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  Plan of the Baths of Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 212-216 CE
  
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  Frigidarium, Baths of Diocletian, Rome, ca. 298-306
  
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  Portrait bust of Trajan Decius, 249-251 CE
  
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  Philip the Arabian, 244-249 CE
  
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  Heroic portrait of Trebonianus Gallus, from Rome, Italy, 251-253 CE
  
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  Battle of Romans and barbarians (Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus), from Rome, Italy, ca. 250-260 CE
  
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  Sarcophagus of a philosopher, ca. 270-280 CE
  
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  Restored view and plan of the Temple of Venus, Baalbek, Lebanon, third century CE
  
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  Portraits of the four tetrarchs, from Constantinople, ca. 305 CE
  
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  Palace of Diocletian, Split, Croatia, ca. 298-306
  
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  Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, 312-315 CE
  
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  Distribution of largess, detail of the north frieze of the Arch of Constantine
  
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  Colossal head of Constantine, from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, ca. 315-330 CE
  
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  Restored cutaway view of the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, ca. 306-312 CE
  
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  Aula Palatina, Trier, Germany, early fourth century CE
  
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  Coin with portrait of Constantine: nummus, 307 CE
  
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  Coin with portrait of Constantine: medallion, ca. 315 CE
  
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Concluding notes:

1. Enter the approximate dates for these periods of the Roman Empire, and identify key characteristics of the art and architecture of each:

Monarchy and Republic:

Early Empire:

High Empire:

Late Empire:

A. Temple of Portunus (Temple of Fortuna Virilis), Rome (Fig. 7-3); Pantheon, Rome (Fig. 7-49)

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  Function:
  

B. Portrait of a husband and wife, wall painting from Pompeii (Fig. 7-25); portrait of a priest of Serapis, from Hawara (Faiyum), Egypt (Fig. 7-62)

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C. Portrait of Augustus as general, from Primaporta (Fig. 7-27); equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, from Rome (Fig. 7-59):

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D. Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome (Fig. 7-45); Arch of Constantine, Rome (Fig. 7-75):

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E. Man with portrait busts of his ancestors (Fig. 7-7); portrait bust of a Flavian woman (Fig. 7-39):

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