Chapter 1 Establishment of Islamic Republic of Pakistan Subjective Questions With Answers­

"A set of ideas on which a political, cultural, social or economic system is based is called ideology". And this ideology brings a harmony among people believing in a particular ideology.

Pakistan is an ideological state. It came into being on the basis of Islamic ideology. The Muslims of the sub-continent acquired a separate homeland to give practical shape to the absolute sovereignty of Allah Almighty. In an Islamic state, the thought and action as well as beliefs and customs of its individuals are in accordance with Islamic principles. All rules and regulations of an Islamic state are framed in the light of the teaching of Islam and its individual lead their lives in conformity with the Islamic code of conduct. Islamic system is applied in every period to meet the modem needs. The basic principles of Islamic system are as under.

1. 
   Beliefs and Prayers
   

Prayers include namaz, fast, Zakat and Hajj. Great importance has been given to Jihad (struggle) in Islam. And always keep one self ready to sacrifice one’s life and property is jihad. Both Jihad-bin­ nafas and Jihad-bil-maal are advised. Islam stops the Muslims to seek the help of any else other than Allah Almighty. In this way these principles help to establish on Islamic state of Pakistan.

Counseling is the base of Islamic state. It promotes democracy in an Islamic state. The state maintain equality for all the citizens irrespective of their cost, colour, language and race. The government performs all duties for the welfare of all the people. All the citizens are allowed only to give their opinion but also to criticize the government policies. Sovereignty belongs to Allah Almighty in an Islamic state. the Amir of Ummah leads a simple life. He performs hid duties according to the teachings of Holy Quran. Hazrat Abu Baker (Razi Allah Taala unho) made it clear to the people, not to follow his order if they are contrary to the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Quaid-e-Azam described the objective of the establishment of Pakistan in Sibi as

Adul or Justice is one of the basic principles of an Islamic state. The importance of Justice cannot be denied in any state, but in an Islamic state justice is essential in every walk of life, Exercise of justice is required in every field of life but it has a special significance in judicial matter. Every one should be equal before law and the law should be applied without any distinction or discrimination. Islam has laid emphasis on supremacy of law.

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"All human beings are the off springs of Hazrat Adam. No Arab is superior to Non Arab and the white has no preference over the black".

"I made families among you so that you should be recognized only that one, who is noble and pious is dear to God (Allah).

In an Islamic state the status of the non-Muslims is equal tot heat of Muslims. Fundamental human rights are given by the Islamic state to all the citizens without any discrimination. The non-Muslims can preserve their culture, language, personal law, places of worship and religious institutions. They are not forced to accept the belief of Islam. The civil rights of the non-Muslims are guaranteed. Quaid-e­-Azam made it clear that the rights of minorities would be protected fully as the Muslims are given all the fundamental rights.

Islam teaches us social equality. The right of social equality can be seen at the time of prayer and Hajj when the master and slave rich and poor, white and black strand side by side in the mosque. Islam promotes equality and fraternity among the Muslims. If also encourages love, sincerity, sacrifice and affection. All the Muslims are brothers. They fulfill needs of one another. These virtues strengthen the Islamic state of Pakistan.

Following are some of the important points taken from various speeches and statements of Quaid-e-Azam. These points if explain the two nation theory which is the basis of Pakistan ideology.

Quaid-e-Azam firmly believed that the Muslims of India were distinct and separated nation from Hindus. He had the view that the Muslims were not a minority, they were one nation. He also said that India was not a country nor could its people become one nation. He explained that India was a sub-continent, which consisted of many nations of which Hindus and Muslims were only the two nations. This is known as the two nation theory. In 1944, he said;

Quaid-e-Azam organized and united the Muslims of the sub­continent on the basis of their faith in Islam. Islam calls for unity among Muslims. It was on the basis of Islam that the Muslims of India emerged as a nation. In this way they succeeded to establish an independent and the largest Muslim state on the earth. On 21^st March, 1948, he addressed the people of Dhaka and said, "I was not to see you to talk as a Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and Bengali. What is the fun of saying that we are Punjabi. Sindhi or Pathan? We are only Muslims ". .

While addressing the students, in March, 1944, he said.

"Our guide is slam and this is the complete code of our life ".
While addressing at Aligarh he clarified the ideology of Pakistan in these words, "What was the motive of the demand for Pakistan and a separate electorate for Muslims? What was the need for the division of India? Its cause is neither the narrow mindedness of Hindus nor the tactics of Britishers, but is the basic demand of Islam ".

The only factor which united the Muslims of India was a belief in Islam.

The ideology of Pakistan as missioned by Quaid-e-Azam is based on the teachings of the Holy Quran. He said,

(1943) While addressing the students, in March, 1944, he said,

The Quaid-e-Azam believed that the Holy Quran was the ultimate source of guidance and enlightenment for mankind. On a number of occasions he made it clear that the constitution and laws of Pakistan would be made in the light of Quran and Sunnah. He urged the Muslims to know themselves and the great qualities, virtues and the powers that have been bestowed on them by Almighty Allah. He encouraged the Muslims to go ahead and work for their betterment.

Quaid-e-Azam was of the view that all the matters of Pakistan would be settled according to the fundamental principles of Islam. This Pakistan would be purely an Islamic state in all respects.

He said,

"Fundamentally in an Islamic state all authority rests with Almighty Allah ".
I. The Muslims belt eve that Allah alone is the Lord of all, is unique and peerless.

2. He alone is the master all powerful and every thing is under his disposal and sway.

3. No one else is His associate in worship .In any form or shape. The state of Pakistan was therefore established with an objective to devise a system based upon total subservience to Allah's commands.

The main objective of the establishment of Pakistan was to enforce sovereignty of Allah according to the principles of Quran and Sunnah. ­

As Quaid-e-Azam believed that Pakistan would be an Islamic state, it was understood that there would be the rule of Islamic laws in the country. He said, "The rule of Islamic democracy is indeed the rules of the laws of Islamic Shariat ".

Quaid-e-Azam said that Islam lays stress on shura (consultation), equality, justice and fair play. In an Islamic state even a common man has the right to take part in government affairs also. Quaid-e­-Azam liked and supported democracy. He further explained,

Everyone should be equal before law and the law should be applied without any distinction or discrimination. Islam has laid emphasis on supremacy or law. Holy Prophet (sallalah O allayhay walahay wasallum) said,

Poverty is a curse and we should wage war against the poverty and exploitation of the common people. There are millions of our people’s who hardly get one meal a day. Most of the people of Pakistan cannot earn one meal a day. Quaid-e-Azam once said,

The Muslims of India achieved Pakistan after a long struggle. They gave many sacrifices to achieve an independent state of Pakistan. No doubt movement of Pakistan was an element of this great struggle which was started by heroes of Islam like Syed Ahmad Shaheed and Shah Ismail Shaheed. But the question arises why did the Muslims of the sub-continent feel its necessity'? Some people say that Pakistan was the creation of British government. They believe that the Britishers did it according to their policy of "divide and rule". This is misleading. The truth is quite different. Now we discuss the following factors that led to the creation of Pakistan.

When the Hijrat and Khilafat Movements came to an end, Hindu-­Muslim differences were revived once again. These differences assumed a state of high tension. Members of both the communities quarreled over trifles and often started killing one another. Many riots took place between 1921 and. 1931. A large number of inhabitants of sub-continent used to be victims of communal riots every year. The Muslims were massacred by the Hindu Militants in an organized way. Because Hindu were in majority, it was quite clear that the Hindus would establish Hindu Raj after the independence. The lives of Muslims could never be safe in the united India. There roused a doubt in the minds of the Muslim leaders, and, with the passage of time their doubts were increased when the Hindus led a movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905. They led a serious movement against it. These events led the Muslim leaders to think that the Hindu Congress would not look to the interest of the Muslims. Sometimes the Muslims wanted to offer cow sacrifice and the Hindus interfered and as a result there would be a riot. Some times the Hindus would start playing upon musical instruments in front of mosque exactly at the time of evening prayers and it would result in a riot. These riots compelled the Muslims to have a separate state.

The Muslims of India were treated as foreigners and "Maleech". The cast system and other discriminations in the Indian society could make the Muslims second rate citizens. They could not enjoy neither political nor social liberties. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social costumes and literature. They neither inter marry nor dine together, and indeed they belong to two different civilizations. Their aspects on life are different. It is quite clear that the Hindus and Muslim derive their inspiration from different sources of history. Very often the hero of one is the enemy of the other and like wise their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of Muslims, The Quaid-e-Azam emphasized the differences between the two communities such as,

This helpless condition was evident from the decision of the government of united provinces giving equal status to Hindi with Urdu in 1900. Hindi was then an undeveloped language. Urdu had acquired the status of the national language of Muslims and was spoken over large parts of the sub-continent. In spite of this the Hindus were bent upon eliminating it. The Urdu-Hindi controversy had started in the year 1867. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had ardently supported Urdu. Urdu-Hindi controversy brought about a radical change in sir Syed Ahmad Khan. His dream of the unity of two communities, was absolutely shattered when Hindus launched movement to replace the official language Urdu with Hindi at Banaris. The Muslims strongly protested against it but the government decision remained unchanged. At that time Sir Syed Ahmad Khan said,

He was the first to use the word "nation" for the Muslims of India. He explained that Hindus and the Muslims are two nations.

The Muslims claimed separate nationhood for themselves and they were determined to maintain a separate entity for all times to come. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan put forward the two nation theory. And Urdu Hindi controversy brought about a radical change in Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. His dream of the unity of two communities absolutely shattered when Hindus launched movement to replace the official language Urdu with Hindi. He had ardently supported Urdu. He further said that Muslims of India are a separate nation. First time he used the word "nation" for the Muslims of India. He became convinced that the interests of the Muslims and Hindu "peoples" were different and that the Muslims constituted a separate nation from the Hindus. This was the beginning of two nation theory, which fifty years later become the basis of the demand for Pakistan.

Under the government of India Act 1935, the elections of Provincial Assemblies were held. The Congress obtained an out standing Success in the elections and was, therefore, merited by the government to form its cabinets in six provinces where it had been declared as majority party. As Soon as the work of cabinet formation was completed the Hindu Ministers started working on the lines chalked out by the leaders of the Hindu Mahasabha. They made it impossible for the Muslims to lead an honorable life.

Congress hoisted three colour flags on all official and important non­-official buildings.

The Congress insisted the recital of Bande Matram a song which contained a feeling of hatred against the Muslims.

Urdu, which had been in use in courts since 1835 was replaced by Hindi to Muslims it was step towards doing away' with the cultural heritage of the Muslims of India.

A liaison campaign was started to crush the Muslim League and force the Muslims to deviate from their religious beliefs.

In schools the young students were compelled to fold their hands before Gandhi's picture and sing his praises bowing down in the way of Hindu worship.

The slaughter of cow was prohibited.

Musical instruments were played before mosques at the time of prayers.

The Muslims were denied government services.

During the congress rule Hindu Muslim riots spread throughout the country. The houses of the Muslims were set on fire women were adducted and the massacre and plundering became the routine of every day life.

The British government declared war against Germany. The British government requested the cooperation of both the Congress and Muslim league to win the war. The congress thought that it was golden opportunity to pressurise the British government to quit India. The congress advised its ministries to resign from their offices as a protest, because the British government did not pay any attention to the demands of Hindu Congress. The congress rule came to an end In November 1939.

On this occasion Quaid-e-Azam appealed to the Muslims of India to observe a Deliverance Day on 22^nd of December, 1939, and express their relief at the termination of Congress rule. The appeal proved very effective and as Deliverance Day was observed successfully throughout the country.

In 1885 Mr. A.D. Hume laid the foundation of Indian National Congress. This Congress looked after the interests of Hindus only. Muslim had great hopes with Congress. Soon the Muslims realised that Congress is a party of Hindus. The Hindus had the upper hand in the Congress. They had established good relations with the government and the British. Congress also took active part in the political affairs of the country. However the Muslim leaders seriously felt the need for a separate Muslim organization. The factors leading to the feeling were as following.

The Anti-Muslim policy of the Congress made it clear that this party worked for the interests of the Hindus only, The Hindus joined this party in large number and it became a party of Hindus. It had been established only to safeguard the interests of the Hindu community and had no consideration for the rights of the Muslims. The Congress exposed its anti-Muslim designs by opposing the partition of Bengal. The Muslims following the advice of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had kept themselves away from Indian National Congress. They thought that Congress would not be able to represent all the communities which were so different from one another. The Congress by its policy propaganda and activities proved that it had come into being only to safeguarding the interest of Hindu community and had no interest for the rights of the Muslims.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had clearly explained that the Muslims are a separate nation. But when Quaid-e-Azam appeared on the political scene of sub-continent, he believed in Hindu-Muslim unity. To cultivate his cherished dream he resolve the differences between the two communities. Luck now pact was his first success which was signed in 1916. The efforts which he made to bridge the gape between two communities gave popularity and good name to the Quaid-e-Azam and he earned the title the Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity, as a matter of fact, he was a liberal man." The political events of later era changed the thinking of the Quaid-e­

Azam. He was very much disappointed. Then he also supported the theory of two nations in the sub-continent and demanded a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.
3. Separate Electorate

Another factor which served as the basis of separate organization for Muslims Was the necessity for securing separate election. The Indian Council Act of 1892, introduced a round about system of election. That-means, it gave some local bodies the right to suggest names for

nomination to the legislative councils. No Muslims could secure a seat to the councils through this system. So, the Muslim leader rightly realised that without separate election it would be impossible for the Muslims to secure their due share in the government and to safeguard their interests.
4. Muslims were backward educationally

As compared to Hindus, the Muslim population of India had educationally and economically lagged for behind politically they had been completely ruined. In order to safeguard their educational, economic rights and promote political consciousness among the Muslims they needed a separate Muslim organization.

The British government declared that they would introduce new political and constitutional reforms in India. A deputation comprising Muslim leaders under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan waited upon the viceroy, lord Minto. The sympathetic attitude of the viceroy, lord Minto encouraged the Muslims leaders. The members of Shimla Deputation demanded for a separate electorate for the Muslims in India. Lord Minto promised to think over it sympathetically. They also realised that the Muslims could be brought on one plate form thus enabling them to strive untidily for their rights. So the Muslim league was founded to serve as a plate form on which the Muslim could be united.

The Hindus of Banaras vehemently opposed the Urdu language and Persian script, as they believed it was the language of Muslims. They demanded the introduction of Hindi instead of Urdu as Judicial language. In 1900 AD Sir Anteo Macdonald the governor of U.P. declared Hindi as official and judicial language along with Urdu which the Muslims thought posed a threat to their future.

In addition to the congress many other communal organizations of Hindu came into being. They promoted partiality, narrow, mindedness and hate ness against the Muslims in the minds of Hindu population. Arya Samaj and Muha Sabha (Bharat Maha Mandai) are particularly mentionable. Arya Samaj in particular so malicious that once it declared that Hindus as the real successors of Hindustan. It added that the Muslims should either become Hindus or emigrate from sub-continent. In this critical situation the Muslims took their safety to establish their own political organization to protect their rights.

Once Quaid-e-Azam said, "How can the Muslims lead an honourable life among the Hindus which the Muslim eat the beef of the cow taking it as lawful thing while the Hindus believe in the sanctity of the cow and take it their deity". It was undeniable fact. Hindus demanded to impose the restriction on the slaughter of the cow entirely in the sub-continent. In 1882 A.D. Arya Samaj organized Gao Rakhsha Sabha (Association for the Protection of the cow) the Muslims took it an unfair interference in their religious practices. So they felt it necessary to achieve a separate homeland to practice their religious decrees freely and properly.

The partition of Bengal took place in 1905. Bengal had a vast area and was an important province form the Point of view of population. The division of Bengal is very important event in the history of the sub-continent. It affected the Hindu Muslim relations. Bengal had very complicated administrative problems which clamed a major share of the government attention. The division of Bengal opened the door of prosperity for the Muslims of Bengal. They welcomed this division, but the Hindus opposed this division. As result of protest, the government of India abrogated the partition of Bengal in 1911 A.D. So the Muslims felt need of their own political organization which might provide safeguard to their political rights.

Nawab Sir Salimullah invited Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk to convene the Muslim educational conference at Dhaka on 30^th December 1906. Another special meeting was held under the chairmanship of Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk in which Nawab Salimullah proposed that a political organization of the Muslim league by name should be organized. This resolution was supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Molana . Zafar Ali Khan and Molana Muhammad Ali. Thus All India Muslim league come into being on December 30, 1906 A.D.

Following objectives were determined for its formation.

1. 
   To promote the feelings of loyalty .
   

To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India.

To coordinate with other nations and political parties for general welfare of the people.

The first world war broke out in 1914 A.D., and continued till 1918 A.D. Many countries were involved in this war, but their real rivals were British and Germans. Turkey jointed the war in favour of Germany the main enemy of Great Britain. It put the Indian Muslim in an awkward position as India was under the rule of British and their (British's) rival Turkey was a Muslim country. Though the British promised to maintain the sanctity of Holy Places and Khilafat. yet they expressed a contradictory attitude during the last days of this world war. They were aggrieved to pee their Holy Places in Hijaz and Palestine captured lop the Non-Muslim and their Caliph reduced to Vassalage.

According to this treaty Turkey was made to sign by force. Its provisions amounted to complete disintegration of Turkey. Turkey was reduced to the position of a vassal state. Italy, Germany and Turkey were defeated. The victorious Allies powers decided to dismember and divide Ottoman Empire among themselves under the conditions of the treaty of Sevres.

Iraq, Syria and Palestine were taken over by British and France as mandatories. The Greek forces were instigated to occupy Smyrna. The Ottoman capital Constantinople was placed under high commission. The leaders of Indian Muslims went to viceroy to remind their promise. But the Government did not realize their promise.

The Muslims of sub-continent launched a movement to save the Turkey and Muslim Khilafat. The Muslims of the sub-continent were helpless. The British government had imposed restriction on them. But still they took up courage and faced the circumstances boldly. They started the movement known as Khilafat Movement.

Maulana Muhammad AIL Maulana Shaukat Ali, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan and Maulana Hasrat Muhani were the leaders of this movement and they were detained without showing any legal reason.

The following were the main activities of the Khilafat Movement.

The government of India made arrangements to send a deputation for their demands to Britain on its own expenses. Hakim Ajmal Khan, Dr. Ansari and many other Muslim leaders were included in this deputation. Dr. Ansari was the leader of this deputation. The members of this deputation met with the Prime Minister of Britain to defend the independence of the Khilafat But this delegation came back unsuccessful.

Some Muslim leaders of Bombay formed Majliss-e-Khilafat. Maulana Abdul-Bari took steps to convene all India Muslim league Conference at Lucknow to set up an All India Khilafat Committee with its head quarters at Bombay. Hakim Ajmal Khan, sir Agha Khan and other Muslim leaders cooperated with him.

All India Khilafat Committee's first session was held in Delhi on Nov. 24, 1919: It passed a resolution appealing to the Muslims toabstain from participating in the victory celebration.

When the delegation came back unsuccessful. Khilafat committee started civil disobedience movement in May, 1920 against the British government. In the mean time the Congress launched a non- cooperation Movement. So both the movements were merged into one against the British government. Gandhi was chosen the leader of this movement. He gave directions for the complete boycott of every thing made in Britain. Thousands of Muslims left their jobs, students and teachers boycotted their schools and colleges. But Mr. Gandhi declared to end it when it was on the point of success on the excuse of the Occurrences of violence.

During the days of Khilafat Movement many of the Muslims Ulema declared that it as Dar-ul-Harb (enemy territory) and advised the Muslims to migrate and settle in some Islamic country. About 18000 Muslims from different parts of India migrated to Afghanistan. Before departing, they sold their houses and property at ridiculously low prices. But Afghanistan is a small country, it could not afford to accommodate all. Many of the migrants died of starvation and the Hijart Movement could not last for long.

Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Muhammad Ali and many other Muslims and Hindu leaders were arrested and sent to jails. Even Mr. Gandhi was arrested. This movement was started for the help of Turks but It was changed into freedom movement.

The following were the reasons for the decline of Khilafat Movement.

The decline of Khilafat Movement started when Ali Brothers were arrested and sent to Jail.

The Muslims living in South India were called Moplas. They belonged to Arab race. They joined the Khilafat Movement. Hindu reported to the Indian government about the activities of Mopla tribes with wrong information. They rose against the British government and killed the Hindus in large numbers. The British Indian Army, however suppressed their rebellions.

In February, 1922, in a town of Chora Chori the agitators of civjl disobedience movement set on fire a police station in U.P. with the result of it 21 police men were burnt to death. On this occasion Mr. Gandhi caned off the agitation on the plea of violence.

When the movement was dwindling for want of leaders, Kamal Pasha come to power. He took steps to abolish the Sultanate and subsequently the Khilafat. In this way all agitations in this regard came to an end.

1. The Holy cities should remain under the Turks.

2. The institution of Khilafat should be maintained.

3. Retaliatory treatment should not be meted out to the Turks, that the boundaries of their empire should remain the same as those before the war. No fresh territories should be dismembered from it.

On March 23, 1940 A.D. the 27th annual session of the Muslim League held at Lahore where Minar-e-Pakistan stands now. In this meeting of the league, Quaid-e-Azam and other Muslim leaders analysed the political problems of the Muslims in detail and passed a resolution unanimously known as Lahore resolution. It was presided over by Quaid-e-Azam. After his Presidential address, Maulvi Abdul Qasim, Fazl-ul-Haq of Bengal moved his well known resolution. It was propped that the North-western and North Eastern areas of the sub-continent which has a majority of Muslim population should be separated from India to form independent states. They passed the resolution with great zeal. The Muslims set the clear goal on that historic day.

The Muslims had been making efforts for about 25 years to make the Congress reconize the Muslims as a nation and Muslim league as at representative body of the Muslims of India. But the Congress did not give any importance to these basic principles. The Congress rule proved that the Congress was not a national organization but was purely a Hindu body.

The Muslim thinkers had come to the belief that Muslims and Hindus could never live together. Sir Sayyed felt that the civilization, culture, history, traditions of the Muslims of India were quite different from those of Hindus. He also opposed the Western type of democracy which always goes in favour of majority whereas the Muslims were in minority. In 1930 Allama Iqbal in his Presidential Address at Allahabad suggested that in the Provinces of India where Muslims formed majority, a separate homeland for Muslims should be created. Chaudhary Rehmat Ali also gave to this state the name Pakistan.

Many other notable Muslim thinkers also proposed a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.
Establishment of League of Nations

At the end of the world war the various nations of the world established that the League of Nations failed safeguard of the rights of the nations of the world. It became universally accepted principle that every nations of the world has the right to have separate homeland.

Muslims, by any definition of the word are a nation and possess their separate cultural, social and religious system and sound traditions.

Sub-continent is a homeland of different nations. Hindu Muslim issue is an international issue. It is not an issue of communal nature. The solution of the problem lies in the creation of more than one state in South Asia.

The rights of the Muslims will be unsafe in undivided India.