Anatomy Lecture Review Anatomical Position
Date 30.04.2018 Size 19.32 Kb.
Anatomical Position The body standing erect, facing forward, feet together, toes pointed slightly apart, hands at one’s side, palms facing forward. Once the body is in this position (or imagined to be in this position,) the positional terms can be used correctly. Left and Right Positional Terms Anterior Posterior Ventral Dorsal Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Superficial Deep Proximal Distal Supine Prone Body Planes Frontal (Coronal) Sagittal Transverse Histology Histology is the study of normal tissues under a microscope. Be able to recognize a description of all the structures seen in compact bone under a microscope: Lacunae, perforating canal, osteon (functional unit of compact bone), central canal, canaliculi, lamellae, osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, periosteum, hydroxyapatite. Compact Bone Compact Bone Structures Osteon: functional unit of compact bone.hydroxyapatite The crystalline structure of calcium and phosphate that make up bone matrix lamellae The circular and concentric layers of collagen fiberslacunae The pockets or cavities in which the cells are trappedHaversian (or central) canal The large channels containing a blood vessel which run longitudinally down the center of each unitcanaliculi The “tiny channels” which run transversely through the layers of bone and allow for diffusion of nutrients and wastes to the cellsperforating canal: connects one Haversian canal to anotherosteocytes The mature bone cells which are trapped in the matrix and help to maintain itOsteoblasts: bone cells that lay down new boneOsteoclasts: bone cells that reabsorb bone Bone Terms to Know Periosteum (secured to the bone by Sharpey’s fibers) Sharpey’s fibers (anchor the outer wrapping to the bony matrix below it) Articular Cartilage (cap around long bone) Tendon (attaches muscle to bone) Ligament (attaches bone-to-bone) Aponeurosis (modified tendon) Epiphysis (ends of long bones) Diaphysis (shaft of long bone) Medullary Cavity (hollow area inside long bone) Spongy Bone (contains trabeculae instead of osteons and lamellae) Trabeculae Spongy Bone Instead of osteons, spongy bone has trebeculae. Histology Tendons and ligaments are made from what type of connective tissue? Dense Regular Connective Tissue The Axial Skeleton Skull Sternum Vertebrae Ribs Pelvic Girdles Os Coxae (Innominate bone) Ilium Ischium Pubis (Os pubis, pubic bone) Pectoral Girdles Clavicle Scapula Appendicular Skeleton Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges (pollicis refers to the thumb) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (hallux is the big toe) Bone Characteristics Vascular (has own blood supply) Regenerates well Contains calcium and hydroxyapatite Forms mostly after birth Is not flexible Bone Cells Osteoblast (makes bone) Osteocyte (mature bone cell) Osteoclast (reabsorbs bone) Formation of Endochondral Bone Hyaline cartilage develops in the general shape of the future bone. Periosteum forms on the outside of the developing bone. Osteoblasts deposit bony tissue in place of disintegrating cartilage. Types of Ossification Primary starts in diaphysis from cartilage Secondary starts in epiphysis from cartilage Types of Bones Long Bones Sesamoid Bones Develop inside tendons and near joints Flat Bones Irregular Bones Cartilage What are the three types of cartilage? Hyaline cartilage (most of the joints) Fibrocartilage (vertebral discs, pubic symphysis) Elastic cartilage (ears) Where in the body can each of these three types of cartilage be found? What type of cartilage does an embryonic skeleton have? Cartilage Characteristics Avascular (no blood supply) Does not regenerate well Contains no calcium or hydroxyapatite Begins conversion to bone before birth Is flexible Stages of Healing a Fracture Osteoclasts remove excess bone Categories of Fractures Simple: Skin is not brokenCompound: Bone sticks out through skin, often gets infectedComplete : Both sides of diaphysis broken throughIncomplete: One side of diaphysis is brokenStress : Just a crack in the surface Types of Fractures Comminuted Compression Spiral Epiphyseal Depressed Greenstick About Joints Tendons Ligaments Both are dense regular connective tissue About Muscles (acting at a joint) Synarthrotic immoveable, allows no movement Amphiarthrotic allows only limited movement Diarthrotic A fibrous joint is two bones joined by fibrous connective tissue. It is immovable so it is categorized as a synarthrotic joint. No joint cavity A cartilaginous joint is two bones joined by cartilage. The cartilage is either fibrocartilage (a symphysis joint) or hyaline cartilage (a synchondrosis). Fibrocartilage joints (symphyses) are amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable). Examples are intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis Hyaline cartilage joints (synchondroses) are synarthrotic (immovable). Examples are epiphyseal plates and costal cartilages Synchondrosis A synchondrosis is a joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage (A synchondrosis is synarthrotic: not moveable) A synchondrosis is a synarthrosis The most familiar type of joint and the most common. It allows a wide range of motion so it is functionally classified as a diarthrotic joint Examples include the elbow, knee, knuckles, the joints between the wrist and ankle bones Synovial joints are the most structurally complex type of joint, (having a joint cavity) and are the most likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions Bursae A bursa is a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles or where a tendon passes over a bone. Bursae cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints , and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which its tendon pulls. Condyloid Joints Metacarpal-phalangeal joints: these are biaxial condyloid joints Ball and Socket Joints Shoulder and hip joints are ball and socket. This type of joint is multiaxial. The Knee Joint Tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint The largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body Hinge joint, but has movements of gliding, rolling and rotation 3 articulations: lateral and medial articulations of femur and tibia; intermediate articulation of patella and femur. Note: Fibula does not articulate with the femur, only with the tibia. 10 pt Essay Question: Label this Essay Answer: ½ pt each 10 pt Essay Question: Label this Essay Answer: 1 pt each 10 pt Essay Question: Label this (1/2 point each) Essay Answer (a) Essay Answer (b) Muscle Types Smooth: spindle shaped no striations involuntary Cardiac: cylindrical shaped striated involuntary (only responds to direct electrical stimulation) Skeletal: elongated MOTION TERMS FLEXION : reduces the angle of the joint from the anatomical position. Flex elbowEXTENSION : movement that returns you to anatomical position. Extend elbow.All these terms refer to either a body part or a joint. Can flex elbow or flex joint. HYPEREXTENSION : extension beyond anatomical position; wrist, neck.Some terms relate only to certain areas, such as the ankle: DORSIFLEXTION : lift up toesPLANTARFLEXION : move toes downINVERSION : when sole of foot points inwardEVERSION : sole of foot points outward.ABDUCTION : move body part away from midline; arm, fingers, thumbADDUCTION : bring back to midline; arms, fingers, thumb MOTION TERMS ROTATION: pivot on an axis; shake head “no”; can rotate head and shoulderCIRCUMDUCTION : to draw a circle with body part; shoulder, headPRONATION (to lie prone is on stomach). Turn hands downward.SUPINATION : refers to arms; want a bowl of soup, supinatePROTRACTION : to move anteriorily; shoulders , mandibleRETRACTION : to move part posteriorly; shouldersELEVATION : to raise part superiorly; shouldersDEPRESSION : to lower part; open mouth. Muscle Terms Prime mover Synergist (helps prime mover) Antagonist (does opposite of prime mover) Fixator (holds bone in place so prime mover can move a body part better) Gluteus Maximus When sitting and going to a standing position, this is the primary muscle responsible for straightening the hip Hip Flexors When one foot is on the ground, these muscles contract to lift the opposite foot off the ground The Reflex Arc Dorsal root ganglia contain cell bodies of sensory neurons Order of Nerves Firing To pick up an object, you wrap your hand around the object. This gives you a sensory input as you feel the object. The sensory neuron sends the impulse to the spinal cord where it synapses on an interneuron. The interneuron synapses on a motor neuron The motor neuron tells your muscles to contract so you can pick up the object. Spinal Nerve Plexi C1-C4- Cervical plexus C5-T1- Brachial plexus L1-L4- Lumbar Plexus L4-S4- Sacral Plexus Brachial Plexus ROOTS TRUNKS DIVISIONS CORDS NERVES Damage to the Brachial Plexus Major Nerves of the Upper Extremity Axillary Nerve Musculocutaneus Nerve Supplies anterior muscles of the arm Median Nerve Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Supplies no muscles of the arm Supplies anterior forearm (except flexor carpi ulnaris) Ulnar Nerve “Funny Bone” Supplies flexor carpi ulnaris Radial Nerve Supplies muscles on the posterior arm and forearm Triceps brachii Extensor carpi radialis Extensor digitorum communis Nerves of the Lower Extremity Obturator Nerve Supplies adductor muscles Sciatic Nerve Supplies back of thigh Biceps femoris Semimembranosis Semitendonosis Supplies leg and foot Femoral Nerve Tibial Nerve Posterior leg and foot Gastrocnemius Soleus Tibialis Posterior Common Peroneal Nerve Superficial branch Lateral side of leg Supplies peroneal muscles Deep branch Supplies anterior leg muscles Injury causes “Foot Drop” Dermatomes The area of skin innervated by a cutaneous branch of a spinal nerve at a particular level. Arteries of the Upper Extremity Arteries of the Upper Extremity Subclavian (becomes axillary artery in armpit) Axillary (becomes brachial artery in arm) Brachial (divides into radial and ulnar arteries when it reaches the elbow) Supplies arm muscles except triceps brachii Radial Ulnar Arteries of the Lower Extremity Arteries of the Lower Extremity External iliac (becomes femoral artery) Femoral (becomes popliteal artery at knee) Popliteal (becomes tibial artery in leg) Tibal Share with your friends:
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