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World’s Most Polluted Places
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Page | 2/31 | Date | 04.05.2017 | Size | 238.52 Kb. |
| - 8. Hexavalent chromium: Sukinda, India
- 9. Radiation: Chernobyl, Ukraine
- 10. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): Arctic Canada
Air Pollution Air Pollution World’s Most Polluted Cities (2014, WHO) Most Polluted Cities in the US Ozone, or Smog (2016) - #1: Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA
- #2: Bakersfield, CA
- #3: Visalia-Porterville-Hanford, CA
- #4: Fresno-Madera, CA
- #5: Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ
- #6: Sacramento-Roseville, CA
- #7: Modesto-Merced, CA
- #8: Denver/Aurora, CO
- #9: Las Vegas-Henderson, NV-AZ
- #10: Fort Collins, CO
Most Polluted Cities in the US Particulate Matter (2016) - #1: Bakersfield, CA
- #2: Visalia-Porterville-Hanford, CA
- #3: Fresno-Madera, CA
- #4: Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA
- #5: El Centro, CA
- #6: Modesto-Merced, CA
- #6: San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA
- #8: Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville, OH-KY-IN
- #9: Harrisburg-York-Lebanon, PA
- #10: Lousville/Jefferson County—Elizabethtown—Madison, KY-IN
- Causes 200,000 premature deaths/yr. in U.S. (6.5-7 million worldwide)
- Causes 1/8 deaths worldwide
- Far more than are killed by auto accidents
Health Effects of Air Pollution - Air pollution causes lung cancer and asthma and impairs lung development and function
- 220,000 lung cancer deaths/yr (2010)
- Deaths from cardiopulmonary diseases correlate with air pollution levels in US cities
- Both day to day and over time
- Triggers 7.4% of heart attacks worldwide
Health Effects of Air Pollution - Increased admissions for CHF, asthma, COPD, PVD, and cerebrovascular disease (stroke and TIA)
- Increased ventricular arrhythmias
- Increased lung/breast/liver/upper digestive/pancreatic cancers
- Decreased exercise tolerance, increased pulmonary symptoms
Health Effects of Air Pollution - Increased risk of diabetes
- Increased risk of DVTs/PEs
- Increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis
- Impaired sperm production
- Premature births (1/3 more common in large towns/cities)
- Pre-eclampsia
Health Effects of Air Pollution - Increase in SGA and LBW infants
- Increased risk of birth defects (including neural tube defects, circulatory system malformations)
- Increased risk of appendicitis
- ?Via link with inflammation?
Health Effects of Air Pollution - Accelerated cognitive decline, increased dementia
- Increased numbers of migraines
- ?Autism?
- Days lost from work/school
- Increased risk of suicide
Air Pollution - Coarse, fine and ultrafine particles
- Ultrafines not regulated, may be most dangerous
- Nanoparticles may contribute to health risks
- Massive dust storms increasing
Air Pollution - Costing the 34 member OECD states almost $2 trillion/yr, Europe $1.6 trillion/yr, China almost $1.5 trillion/yr, India over $500 billion/yr
- Reductions in air pollution under Clean Air Act Account for up to 15% of overall increase in life expectancy in major U.S. metropolitan areas
- Act has saved $22 trillion in health care costs since 1972 passage
- Saved 160,000 lives in 2010
Ozone Destruction - Ozone hole over Antarctic (2½X size of Europe = size of North America)
- Arctic ozone hole only 9% less than 2000 maximum
- 40% of Arctic ozone destroyed
- Hole should gradually decrease in size over many years, close by 2060
Effects of Ozone Destruction - Increased cataracts (UV damage)
- Increased lifetime melanoma risk
- 1/1500 - 1930
- 1/68 - today
Antarctic Ozone Hole Automobiles Automobiles - Number of autos -US: 1.17 car/2 people (88% drive to work)
- - Average American will own 13 cars during his/her lifetime -Mexico: 1/8 -China: 1/100 (increasing, has surpassed US auto sales)
- -Worldwide: over 1 billion cars (1/7 people)
Automobiles - Over 1.2 million killed, 20-50 million injured/disabled in road accidents annually worldwide
- Toxic air pollution contributes to car accidents
- Average miles traveled/car/year in U.S.
- 1965 - 4,570 mi.
- 1975 - 6,150 mi.
- 1985 - 7,460 mi.
- 1995 - 9,220 mi.
- 2010 – 12,500 mi.
Automobiles - Average fuel efficiency of U.S. autos stagnant
- Cars and trucks (2015): 33.8 mpg (sticker, reality 26.1 mpg)
- Government mandated fleet mpg of 54.5 mpg by 2025 (real-world estimate 40 mpg)
- European and Japanese standards higher
- Relatively low oil prices (until recently)
Automobiles - Growing market for low-efficiency pickups, minivans, and sport-utility vehicles
- 45% of all vehicles sold today
- Ford Model T – 25 mpg (1908); Avg. car today – 25.4 mpg (2014)
- Rapid transit -industry squashed in 1930’s and 40’s (GM, Standard Oil, Firestone, etc.) -Convicted under Sherman Antitrust Act
Automobiles: Alternatives - Car sharing
- Pay-as-you-drive auto insurance
- Build fewer roads (the more roads you build, the more congestion you create)
- “Peak Pricing” and “Congestion Fees”
- E.g., London → 21% decrease in traffic, 43% increase in bus ridership, cleaner air
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