Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily
Provides consistent format within a discipline
Gives you credibility as a writer
Protects yourself from plagiarism
Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.
Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.
Using a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources they’re built on.
Using a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources they’re built on.
It also helps you keep track of your sources as you build arguments.
Proper citation of your sources in APA style can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.
Proper citation of your sources in APA style can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.
Academic honesty and integrity!
Academic honesty and integrity!
You are academically dishonest if:
Someone writes your paper for you
You purchase a paper
You copy a paper from online
You fail to cite your sources
Your present someone else’s ideas as your own
You use a previously written paper for another assignment
“Give credit where credit is due” (APA, 2001, p. 349)
“Give credit where credit is due” (APA, 2001, p. 349)
Direct quotation
Quotation marks around text
Paraphrase
Must be entirely original
Permission to reproduce
Deals with copyright issues
“Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, you must credit the source … For a direct quotation in the text, the information provided will vary depending on whether your source was in print or electronic form. When citing print sources, give the author, year, and page number in parentheses” (APA, 2001, p. 120).
“Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, you must credit the source … For a direct quotation in the text, the information provided will vary depending on whether your source was in print or electronic form. When citing print sources, give the author, year, and page number in parentheses” (APA, 2001, p. 120).
It is preferable to paraphrase, rather than quote, the ideas of others unless the wording is so wonderful that a quote is warranted.
Original wording
Original wording
It is preferable to paraphrase, rather than quote, the ideas of others unless the wording is so wonderful that a quote is warranted.
Paraphrased wording It is generally better to use your own words to describe someone else’s ideas instead of restating someone else’s words verbatim.
Use quotation marks if a direct quote.
Use quotation marks if a direct quote.
But be reasonable. You “don’t” need “a” quotation “mark” around every “stupid word” that the “original” “author” “used.”
Provide page numbers.
Paraphrase.
Be sure your reader knows who read what.
Solution 2: Block Quote
Solution 2: Block Quote
Direct quotes 40 words or more.
Indent five spaces on the left; same margin on the right.
Usually no need for opening or closing ellipses.
Final punctuation comes before the parenthetical element.
. . . too simplistic, however. (p. 294)
Solution 2: Block Quote
Citations should follow every sentence where the words and ideas are not original unless it is clear from the context that multiple sentences came from the same source.
Anything that is directly quoted from someone else’s work must be encased in quotation marks and properly cited or with ellipsis points.
Anything that is directly quoted from someone else’s work must be encased in quotation marks and properly cited or with ellipsis points.
Use 3 ellipsis points (…) to indicate that material has been omitted within a sentence.
Use 4 ellipsis points (….) to indicate material has been omitted between sentences (the first point indicates the period at the end of the first sentence quoted).
Provide the author, year of publication, and specific page number of quote.
Provide the author, year of publication, and specific page number of quote.
Include a complete reference for all quotations in the reference list.
Can use brackets to insert material not used by original author (explanation for example) or [sic]
When you’re referring to an idea or concept you drew from something you read.
When you’re referring to an idea or concept you drew from something you read.
When you quote from something you read or heard.
When you want to give the reader some other places to look for additional information.
Scott (1992) identified…
Scott (1992) identified…
Several researchers (Anthony, 1990; Gregory & Jacobs, 1985; Polk et al., 1980) reported…
Or at the end of a sentence paraphrased from another work (Scott, 1992).
A study by Pogoff and Pogoff (1997) suggested that workers in cubicles tend to steal office supplies (p. 436).
A study by Pogoff and Pogoff (1997) suggested that workers in cubicles tend to steal office supplies (p. 436).
A recent study (Pogoff & Pogoff, 1997) suggested that workers in cubicles tend to steal office supplies (p. 436).
Pogoff and Pogoff (1997) found that “workers in cubicles confiscate office products” (p. 436).
List the last names of all authors the first time you cite them, unless there are more than 5.
List the last names of all authors the first time you cite them, unless there are more than 5.
If there are more than five, or you are citing the paper of 3 or more authors for a second or more time, list last name of first author, followed by “et al.,” and the date.
Scott, Williamson, and Schaffer (1990) reported that…
Scott, Williamson, and Schaffer (1990) reported that…
(FIRST TIME)
Scott et al. (1990) reported that
(EVERY TIME AFTER)
Scott and Williamson (1990) reported that…
(FIRST TIME and EVERY TIME)
6 or more authors, use “et al.,” first time and every time.
Sometimes additional information is necessary . . .
Sometimes additional information is necessary . . .
If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:
Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers”
Citation: (“California,” 1999)
A reference to a personal communication:
A reference to a personal communication:
Source: email message from C. Everett Koop
Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998)
A general reference to a web site Source: Purdue University web site
Citation: (http://www.purdue.edu)
The chapter or article author gets the in-text citation--NOT the book editor.
The chapter or article author gets the in-text citation--NOT the book editor.
So if Reagan, R. wrote a chapter called “Ethics of Leaders” in a book edited by Clinton, W. called Absolved of Responsibility, then Reagan gets the in-text citation and Clinton shows up only in the Reagan spot in the reference list and in a White House intern’s diary.
In text
In text
of Reagan (1987), who called his handling of the Iran-contra affair “a masterpiece of obsfucation” (p. 356).
Reference List
Reagan, R. (1987). Ethics of leadership. In W. Clinton (Ed.), Absolved of responsibility (pp. 351-360). San Clemente, CA: Nixon Press.
Cite the secondary source in the reference list.
Cite the secondary source in the reference list.
In text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source.
Text Citation:
Block’s study (as cited in Kubsch & Gallagher-Lepak, 2004) …..
Reference List Entry:
Kubsch, M., & Gallagher-Lepak, S. (2004). Nursing models for the postmodern era. Advances inGreen Bay Nursing Chronicle, 22, 446-450.
In a recent study of nurse staffing patterns, it was found that …..(Kubsch, 2003).
ONE WORK BY TWO AUTHORS
Always cite both names every time the reference appears
Connect the last names of a multiple author work with an ampersand (Smith & Smith, 2004).
Start with APA’s basic forms.
Start with APA’s basic forms.
If it’s electronic, cite it as such.
Be “creative” about page numbers.
Include the date that you retrieved a nonpermanent electronic source.
http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
If you cannot find an author, cite the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title and year).
The homepage of UW-Green Bay’s Professional Program in Nursing (2003) has a PowerPoint presentation about APA format (American Psychological Association Writing, 2003).
A list of every source that you make reference to in your essay.
A list of every source that you make reference to in your essay.
Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay.
Each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on the reference page, and vice versa.
One Author:
One Author:
Brookfield, S. (1993). On impostorship, cultural suicide, and other dangers: How nurses learn critical thinking. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 24, 197-205.
Two Authors:
Kane, D., & Thomas, B. (2000). Nursing and the “F” word. Nursing Forum, 35(2), 17-24.
Three to Six Authors:
Three to Six Authors:
Ossana, S. M., Helms, J. E., & Leonard, M. R. (1992). Do “womanist” identify attitudes influence college women’s self –esteem and perceptions of environmental bias? Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 402-408.
More than Six Authors:
More than Six Authors:
Sherr, M., Maddox, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S. I., Jacobs, B., Rogers, R. W., Katz, M., et al. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 81, 663-671.
Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of persuasion.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
*Note: In the 5th edition of APA, there is NO underlining (everything that was underlined is now in italics).
Newcomb, H. (Ed.). (1995). Television: The critical view (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Newcomb, H. (Ed.). (1995). Television: The critical view (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
*Note: Capitals in the title of the book are restricted to the first letter of the first word of the title, the first letter of any proper names, and the first letter of the first word after a semicolon, period, or question mark.
Baran, S. J., & Davis, D. K. (1995). Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment and future. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Baran, S. J., & Davis, D. K. (1995). Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment and future. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
*Note: when listing authors, use an ampersand (&) in the reference list, not “and.”
Edited Book:
Edited Book:
Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (Eds.). (1997). Women’s ways of knowing. New York: Basic Books.
No Author or Editor:
Roget’s II: The new thesaurus (3rd ed.). (1995). New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.), Message effects in communication sceince (pp. 231-262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.), Message effects in communication sceince (pp. 231-262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
*Note: You must include the page numbers if you’re just referencing one part of a book.
Online periodical:
Online periodical:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2003). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume, page numbers.
Retrieved month, day, year, from URL.
Online document:
Author, A. A. (2003). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
General Form for
Electronic References
1. Articles are duplicates of print versions, therefore, the same basic primary journal reference is used
1. Articles are duplicates of print versions, therefore, the same basic primary journal reference is used
2. Make a note of “electronic version”
Goldberger, N. (1997). Ways of knowing: Does gender matter? [Electronic Version]. Journalof Continuing Education in Nursing, 5, 117-123.
Internet Article
Based on a Print Source
Web sites: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/index.html
Web sites: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/index.html
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition)
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition)
Your textbook (Appendix A.. Although be sure to note changes)
Various internet sites, such as http://www.lib.usm.edu/~instruct/guides/apa.html (make sure they’re reputable!)
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed.
www.apastyle.org
Composition textbooks
OWL website: owl.english.purdue.edu
They go in this order…
They go in this order…
Title page
Abstract
Body of Paper
References
Appendices
Notes
Tables, Figures, etc.
Normally, double space between lines
Normally, double space between lines
Space once after all punctuation:
Commas, colons, semicolons
After punctuation mark at end of sentence
After periods in reference citation
Periods in initials of personal names
The Title Page
Page Header and Page Number
Page Header and Page Number
Running Head for Publication
Title of the Manuscript
Byline or the Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Contains 5 Elements:
Papers in APA style require a title page.
Papers in APA style require a title page.
The running head will be used as the header for the whole paper. 50 Character length
Include the paper’s title and the author’s name and affiliation.
Headings
(APA 3.31)
(APA 3.31)
Using headings makes it easier to navigate your paper. In a short paper like your lit review, you’d probably only use the first-level heading, but this is what they look like in order:
Capitalize first letter of all verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and first letter of the first word after a colon or dash as well as both words of a hyphenated word
Exception: In titles of books and articles in reference lists, capitalize the first word, all proper nouns, the first word after a colon or hyphen, and only the first word of a hyphenated compound.
Maintain continuity between words, themes, and sections.
Maintain continuity between words, themes, and sections.
Use punctuation marks to show relationships.
Use transitional words, phrases, and paragraphs.
Say only what needs to be said.
Avoid jargon, redundancy, and wordiness.
Use direct, declarative sentences of various lengths that are logically composed.
Precision and Clarity
Precision and Clarity
Do not use third person when speaking about self.
Avoid colloquial expressions such as write up for report.
Restrict the use of “we” to yourself and co-authors not the broader meaning
Grammar
Grammar
Use active rather than passive verbs whenever possible.
Use past tense to express action that occurred at a specific time in the past.
Use the present tense to express past action that did not occur at a specific time or action that began in the past and continues to the present.
Subject and verb must agree in number (singular vs. plural).
Noun and pronoun must agree in number.
See Section 2.06-2.08 for more details.
Passive
Passive
The experiment was designed by Simpson (2004) to…..
Active
Simpson (2006) designed the experiment to demonstrate…..
Level of Specificity
Level of Specificity
Gender is a cultural term used to refer to men and women as social groups.
Sex is used when a biological distinction is preferred.
Use of Labels
Use adjectives to describe people (elderly people) or put the person first (people who are elderly) rather than saying “the elderly.”
Disabilities
Disabilities
Do not equate people with a condition (“schizophrenics” or “the disabled”).
The words “challenged” and “special” should be used only with permission.
Age
Be specific in providing age ranges.
Avoid open ended descriptors such as “over 65.”
Use “boy” and “girl” when referring to high school age and younger.
Use “men” and “women” for those aged 18 and older.
The first time a term to be abbreviated is used, write it out completely and follow it by its abbreviation in parentheses.
The first time a term to be abbreviated is used, write it out completely and follow it by its abbreviation in parentheses.
The American Nurses Association’s (ANA) standards ……(2001).
When referring to the same term later in the paper, the abbreviation can be used.
The ANA (2001)……..
Remember:
Remember:
Normally, numbers 10 and higher are written as numerals.
Nine and lower are written out.
Many exceptions where they appear as numerals so check the manual
Do not start a sentence with a numeral
NO: 59% of the sample….
YES: Fifty-nine percent of the sample…
Insert a comma in a series of three or more nouns or noun phrases before the words and or or: bacon, lettuce, and tomato
Insert a comma in a series of three or more nouns or noun phrases before the words and or or: bacon, lettuce, and tomato
Do use a comma in numbers: 4,356 weiners.
Do use a comma in citations (Jones, 1995).
Do not use a comma between month/year: May 1999
By the way, no apostrophe in 1990s.
Do not capitalize job titles unless preceding the name. A superintendent; the former president; President Bill Clinton.
Do not capitalize job titles unless preceding the name. A superintendent; the former president; President Bill Clinton.
Uppercase the word after a colon if complete sentence; lowercase if fragment. No colon if “midsentence” after a preposition or conjunction.
One space preferred after a colon and period.
Can be used to connect two independent clauses:
Can be used to connect two independent clauses:
I did at one time experiment with cocaine, however, that was a youthful indiscretion that I absolutely will not discuss.
I did at one time experiment with cocaine; however, that was a youthful indiscretion that I absolutely will not discuss.
X
Use etc., e.g., and i.e. only inside parentheses
Use etc., e.g., and i.e. only inside parentheses
Postal abbreviations in reference lists. U.S. only as adjective (otherwise, United States).
Bonnie Wesorick’s (1986) research identified three dimensions of professional practice: (a) independent, which is least reported by hospital nurses; (b) interdependent, which is reported more frequently than independent and involves many different disciplines; and (c) dependent, which is reported most frequently by hospital nurses.
Number paragraphs to itemize conclusions or steps in a procedure.
Number paragraphs to itemize conclusions or steps in a procedure.
Each paragraph of the series is numbered.
The number is followed by a period.
The number IS NOT enclosed in parentheses.
Separate Paragraphs
in a Series
EXAMPLE OF A
PARAGRAPH IN A SERIES
The literature on Oppressed Behavior indicates
nurses exhibit a variety of behaviors in the workplace:
Silence and a lack of voice (paragraph cont.)
Inability to organize and form coalitions (paragraph cont.)
Horizontal violence among and between colleagues (paragraph cont.)
Vertical lists, use 1., 2., 3., 4. . . .
Vertical lists, use 1., 2., 3., 4. . . .
In the paragraph, use (a), (b), (c). . . .
The rules for punctuation within lists are tricky.
Remember that this PowerPoint presentation does not replace the APA manual. You must still purchase the 5th edition.
