261 religious encyclopedia exile of the Israelites Extreme Unction

In 1648 he began to exercise his ministry pub­licly in market‑places, in the fields, in appointed meetings of various kinds, sometimes in the " stee­ple‑houses," after the priests had got through.

His preaching was powerful; and His many joined him in professing the

Ministry‑ same faith in the spirituality of true

The So‑ religion. in a few years the Society

ciety of of Friends had formed itself sponta.

Friends. neously under the prebching of Fox and

his companions (see FHIzNDS, Bocl­wx or, I., § 1). Fox afterward showed great powers as a religious legislator, in the admirable organization which he gave to the new society. He seems, however, to have had no desire to found a sect, but only to proclaim the pure and genuine principles of Christianity in their original simplic­ity. He was often arrested and imprisoned for violating the laws forbidding unauthorized wor­ship, for refusal to take an oath, and for wearing his hat in court. He was imprisoned at Derby in 1650, Carlisle in 1653, London in 1654, Launceston in 1656, Lancaster in 1660 and 1663, Scarborough in 1666, and Worcester in 1674, in noisome dun­geons, and with much attendant cruelty. In prison his pen was active, and hardly less potent than his voice.

In 1669 Fox married Margaret Fell of Swarth­moor Hall, a lady of high social position, and one of his early converts. In 1671 he went to * Bar bados and the English settlements in America, where he remained two years. In 1677 and 1684 he visited the Friends in Holland, and organized their meetings for discipline.

Fox is described by Thomas Ellwood, the friend of Milton, as " graceful in countenance, manly in

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The original MS. of Fox's Journal is in Devonshire House, Biebopegate W., London; it was pub­lished 2 vole., London, 1694‑98, and contains the Rpis­Uea, Letters and Testimonials, bicentenary edition, 1891; selections from it, edited by R. M. Jones with title &eorpa Fox, as AuWlriopraphb, were published, Philadelphia, 1903. Lives have been written by S. M. Janney, Phila­delphia, 1862; J. S. Watson, London, 1860; T. Hodgkin, ib. 1898. Consult also: Maria Webb, The Palls of Swatth­moor Hall and their Friends, London, 1865; W. Tallaek, George Fox, the Friends, and Early Baptists, London, 1868; B. Rhodes, Tree Apostles of Quakerism, ib. 1884; Jane Budge, Glimpses of Fox and his Priendl<, ib. 1893; E. E. Taylor, Cameos from the Life WGeorpe Fox, ib., 1998; DNB, xx. ~117‑122, and, in general, the literature under FRIENDS, SOCIrrr OF.

Fox's title to fame rests upon the Book of Mar­tyrs, in the compilation of which he had the assist­ance of Crammer and others. The first complete English edition appeared in London, 1563 (2d ed., 1570; 3d, 1576; 4th, 1583; etc.), with the title Aetes and monuments of these latter and perillous dayes, touching matters of the Church . . . from the yeare of our Lorde a thousande, to the tyme now present, etc. Of the numerous later editions men­tion may be made of those of S. R. Cattley, with dissertation by J. Townsend (8 vols., London, 1837‑49) and J. Pratt, with introduction by J. Stoughton (8 vols., London, 1877). The work has been often abridged as by M. H. Seymour (Lon­don, 1838). For list of other writings by Fox, cf. the Lives of the British Reformers (London, 1873). By order of Elizabeth a copy of the Book of Mar­tyrs was placed in the common halls of archbishops, bishops, deans, etc., and in all the colleges and chapels throughout the kingdom. It exercised a great influence upon the masses of the people long after its author was dead. Nicholas Fermr (q.v.) had a chapter of it read every Sunday evening in his community of Little Gidding along with the Bible. The Roman Catholics early attacked it, and pointed out its blunders. Fox was not in all cases accurate or dispassionate, but he was a man of wonderful industry. His book was a book for the times and produced a salutary impression.

FOX, WILLIAM JOHNSON: English Unitarian; b. at Uggeshall Farm, Wrentham (20 m. s.e. of

The qlergy subordinated to the bishops, apart from the cathedral chapters, were variously graded

with respect to their official powers 3. The and the State allowances. The num­Clergy. ber of vicars‑general in 1904 was 185;

and these were paid by the State 2,500 francs a year (18 were paid 3,500 francs); the canons received, until 1885, a State stipend of 1,000 francs each. Among the parochial clergy, the majority of those officiating in dependent churches were distinguished, by the State's request, from the parish priests, or curs, as desseruants (see CnAp­i.anv) and vicaires (curates). In 1904 there were 31,000 of these clerical assistants, of whom 18,420 were paid 900 franca, while those over sixty years of age received 1,000 to 1,300 francs. Those incum­bents who by the Concordat's terms were desig­nated as priests of the first class (1,121) received an allowance from the State of 1,500 and 1,600 francs; and priests of the second class (2,530) 1,200 francs. The pr&res habituels (about. 4,000), employed more and more frequently in the cities, received smaller amounts. These regulations and the State allow­ances continued.in force until 1906.

The repeal of the Concordat on the side of the State, and the separation law of December 11, 1905, radically altered the situation of the Church. Be­sides the public instruction law of 1886 had already


352


begun to drive the clergy out of the schools, and

the so‑called association law of July 1, 1901, had

nearly done away with the congrega­

4. Religious tions and religious orders. The law of

Orders 1886 decreed that all public instruction

should be given only by teachers out­

side of the clergy; so that no priest can set foot in

the schools to give religious instruction, which here­

after can be given only in premises belonging to the

Church, and only privately to voluntary pupils.

Despite all this, the continued maintenance of

schools under church administration, with clergy or

sisters as teachers, was still possible, since free in­

struction under State supervision was not forbidden.

Accordingly, on January 1, 1899, the ratio of such

schools to State schools was as three to four. The

statistical compilation of these facts was promoted

by the law of 1901, which was aimed particularly

against the existence and the educational activity

of religious orders. Even as far back as 1880 the

Jesuits had been banished from France, though the

measure was not completely carried out; bat in

1901 all orders not approved by the State were for­

bidden to teach in the schools. There were sanc­

tioned only five male orders: the Congregations for

Foreign Missions, the Lazarista, the Fathers of the

Holy Ghost, the Sulpicians, and the Brothers of the

Christian Schools. The latter alone were a brother­

hood for teaching and, like the rest, had in law the

rights of a person. These rights were not accorded

to the female congregations; but their localestab­

liahmenta had received specific authorization.

Hence there were 905 congregations of women

which were approved by the State. 1n 1890 the

membership of female congregations amounted to

about 130,000. While there were only some twenty

actual congregations of women, with numerous es­

tablishments scattered through the country, the

number of unauthorized associations far exceeded

the 905 approved ones. The external motive for the

Law for the separation of the Church

g. Separa‑ from the State, passed Dec. 11, 1905,

tion of and in force since Jan. 1, 1906, lay in

Church the disputed construction of the State's

and State. right to nominate bishops, and in the

application of art. 20 of the Organic

Articles to episcopal attendance before the pope in

Rome. Only rarely in the days of the monarchical

governments had any difference of opinion occurred

in relation to a bishop, and in 1884 the pope effect­

ually refused recognition of a bishop nominated

by the government. Not until 1903 was it defi­

nitely demanded by the State that the nomination

be recognized as an episcopal appointment.. The

law of separation first of all repeals all State and

municipal appropriations for public worship. Es­

tablishments of worship are declared to be abro­

gated and are to be reconstructed as religious asso­

ciations (.Law of July I, 1901), to which the property

of the abrogated ecclesiastical establishments be­

comes transferred. . For the organization of such as­

sociations there is needed a quorum of but seven per­

sons in communities of less than 1,000 inhabitants;

fifteen in communities of 1,000 to 20,000, etc.; and

ordy twenty‑five in communities with mere than 200,­

000 inhabitants. The churches and chapels, epis‑

The entire law ignores the Church as such, and treats religion as a concern for voluntary associations on the part of the citizens. On the 6. Effect of other hand, the Church has complete Separation freedom on the side of its organization, on Clergy. its hierarchy, discipline, and liturgical arrangements (except as regards the announcement of the appointed times of divine service).

The pope, in a proclamation to the French epis­

copate, declared it to be incompatible with the

canonical regulations of the Church to comply with

the law of separation; so that some other plan must

be devised for the execution of the law, if it is to be

carried out without too prolonged disturbances of

domestic and ecclesiastical peace. The question of

financial provision will the more pressingly assert

itself with reference to the parochial clergy; seeing

that the. cathedral chapters and the scholastic es­

tablishments for the clergy had to be supported

from the episcopal revenues for the last twenty years.

In 1885 the theological faculties attached to the

universities were likewise abrogated; and only the

vicars‑general continued to draw an actually sig­

nificant State allowance (3,000 to 5,000 francs).

Henceforward, indeed, the bishops alone will nomi­

nate all their provincial dignitaries, whereas hitherto

the so‑called titularies of the cathedral chapter were

named by the State; while only the remainder, the

honoraries, obtained the canonical rank pursuantly

to the episcopal election. As a matter of course,

the bishops also received power to make all parochial

appointments; although in this connection the dis­

tinction as to desservants is no longer observed.

The dissolution of the religious congregations occa­

sioned much concern for the bishops, as the admin­

istrative activity of these societies came to an end;

although many individual fraternity clerics contin­

ued their labors. WILHELM GOETZ.

II. Protestant Churches. ‑1. The Reformed

Church: Until 1906, when Church and State

were separated, the legal status of the Reformed

churches in France rested on the law of April

8, 1802 (afterward altered and extended by the

law of March 26, 1852). Each congregation

was to have its presbytery, chosen by general

vote, over which was to be the consistory, usu­

ally including several congregations, and five con­

IV.‑23