261 religious encyclopedia exile of the Israelites Extreme Unction
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- FORSYTH, NATHANIEL
- FORTUNATUS, VENANTIUS HONORIUS CLEMENTIANUS
- Foscarari
- Fosoaraxi Foster
- W. Wilson
FORREST, DAVID WILLIAM: United Free Church of Scotland; b. at Glasgow May 16, 1856. He studied at the University of Glasgow (M.A., 1878), the United Presbyterian College, Edinburgh (1877‑80), and the University of Leipsic (1880). He has been minister of Saffronhall Church, Hamilton (1882‑87), United Presbyterian Church, Moffat (1887‑94), Wellington Church, Glasgow (1894‑ * The Formula of Concord consists of two parts, the Epitome and the Solida repetitio et declaratio, each divided into twelve articles, as follows: i., of original sin; ii., of free will; iii., of justification by faith; iv., of good works; v., of the Law and the Gospel; vi., of the third use of the' Law; vii.. of the Lord's Supper; viii., of the person of Christ; ix., of Christ's descent into hell; x., of church usages and ceremonies called adiaphora; xi., of God's foreknowledge and election; xii.. of several heresies and sects. The second part repeats at greater length what is concisely stated in the Epitome with confirmatory quotations. 1899), United Free Church, Skelmorlie, Wemyss Bay (1899‑1903), and North Morningside United Free Church, Edinburgh (since 1903). He was Kerr Lecturer at Edinburgh in 1897 and a lecturer at Yale in 1901. He has written The Christ of History and of Experience (Kerr Lectures; Edinburgh, 1897) and The Authority of Christ (1906). FORSANDER, NILS: Lutheran; b. at Gladsax, Sweden, Sept. 11, 1846. He emigrated to the United States in 1870 and completed his education at Ai1gustana College and Theological Seminary, Rock Island, 111. (B.A., 1872). He was ordained to the ministry in 1873 and was pastor at Sagetown, Ill., 1873‑75, Kingston, Ia., 1875‑80, and Bettresda, Ia., 1880‑89. Since 1889 he has been professor of theology at Augustana College and Theological Seminary. He was secretary of the Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Synod 1886‑90, and in theology is a strict evangelical member of his denomination. He has been editor of the Augustana Theological Quarterly since 1900, and has written Augsburgiska bekdnnelsen med 1tirklaringar (Rock Island, Ill., 1899) and Var lutherska kyrkas stallning till andre kyrkosamfund (1906). FORSTER, CHARLES: English clergyman and author; b. 1790; d. at Stisted (35 m. n.e. of London), Essex, Aug. 20, 1871. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and was perpetual curate of Ash, Kent, 1834‑38, rector of Stisted, near Braintree, Essex, 1838‑71, and also one of the six preachers in Canterbury Cathedral 1835‑71. He opposed Biblical criticism and aimed in a number of works, now sought as curiosities, to justify the strictest literal interpretation of Scripture. Among other things he published, Critical Essays on Genesis chap. xx. and on St. Matthew chap. ii. 17, 18, (Dublin, 1826); Mahometanism Unveiled (2 vols., London, 1829); The Life of John Jebb (2 vols., 1836); The Historical Geography of Arabia (1844); The One Primeval Language (3 parts, 1851‑54), and Sinai Photographed, or Contemporary Records of Israel in the Wilderness (1862). FORSTER (FOERSTER, VORSTER, FORSTHEMIUS), JOHANN: 1. Lutheran theologian and Hebrew scholar; b. at Augsburg July 10, 1496 (or 1495); d. at Wittenberg Dec. 8, 1558. In 1515 he entered the University of Ingolstadt where he became the most studious and capable Hebrew scholar of Reuchlin; on account of a pestilence he removed in 1521 to Leipsic, and became a pupil of P. Mosellanus, through whose influence, probably, he received in 1522 a position as teacher of Hebrew at the Greek‑Latin school in Zwickau. In 1529 he resigned, and in 1530 became a student at the University of Wittenberg, where he remained as preacher about six years. He assisted Luther in the translation of the Bible, and became one of his most devoted pupils and friends. In 1535 he received a call to Augsburg, where he became involved in controversies with his Zwinglian colleagues. In 1539 he became professor of Hebrew at Tubingen, on the recommendation of Luther and Camerarius. The question whether the Reformation should proceed according to 345 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Forney Fortunatus
2. Not to be confounded with the above is the younger Johann Forster; b. at Auerbach (15 m. S.W. of Zwickau), Saxony, Dec. 25, 1576; d. at Mansfeld (38 m. s. of Magdeburg) Nov. 17, 1613. He was preacher at Leipsic, 1593, rector in Schneeberg, 1601; chief preacher of Zeitz, professor of theology in Wittenberg 1609 and finally general superintendent at Mansfeld He was the author of various theological and devotional writings. (W. GERMANNt.)
The poetical productions of Fortunatus are very numerous, most of them written for special occasions. He may indeed be called a court poet. Hospitality which he had enjoyed, the celebration of a wedding, a funeral‑everything was put into easy verse. His poetic gifts were by no means slight; leis language is picturesque and full' of thought; his hexameters and pentameters surprise by the purity of their rhythm. But there is also not lacking a certain bombast and artificiality of expression, characteristic of the time, and still more faulty is the base flattery in his eulogies which reflects unfavorably upon his character. Since Fortunatus eulogized quite a number of eminent personages, his poems are valuable also for the historian. His descriptions of nature are excellent, as, for instance, his representation of a journey on the Moselle from Metz to Andernach, which he had undertaken in the suite of the king of Austrasia, likewise a poem on the castle of Bishop Nicetius of Treves. Still more valuable are three elegies composed under the inspiration of Radegunde; one represents the tragic fate of GaIsvintha, daughter of a West Gothic king; a second is intended to con‑ sole Amalafried, cousin of Radegunde, the last Thuringian heir; the last is to console Artachis, a relative of Amalafried, on the death of the latter. The greatest fame of Fortunatus, however, rests upon his religious hymns, as Vexilla regis prodeunt (transl. by J. M. Neale, The royal banners forward go), and Pange lingua gloriosi proelium certaminis (transl. by Neale Sing, my tongue, the glorious battle), hymns on the Passion; and Quem terra pontus cethera (transl. by Neale, The God whom earth and sea and Sky), a hymn on Mary. Fortunatus also wrote a comprehensive epic poem on the life of St. Martin (De vita Martini), and some lives of saints in prose, Albinus, Marcellus, Germanus, and Foscarari THE NEW SCHAFF=HERZOG 846 Foster others. He was the last great poet of the period before Charlemagne. (K. LEIMBACHt.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: The Opera, ed. M. A. Luchi, Rome, 1786 1787, and, ed. F. Leo and K. Krusch, in MGH, Auct. ant., iv. 1, 2, 1881‑85. Consult: F. Biihr, Geschichte der r6mi achen Litteratur i»t karolingischen Zeitalter, pp. 145‑161, Carlsruhe, 1840; F. Hamelin, De vita et operibus Venantii . Fortunati, Rennes, 1873; D. Leroux, Le Poete S. V. Fortunat, Poitiers, 1885; .Wattenbach, DGQ, i (1885), 87‑89, ii. 489, i (1893), 91, 92, 113; S. W. Duffield, Latin Hymn‑11'riters, pp. 88‑96 et passim, New York, 1889; A. Ebert. Geschichle der Literatur des Mittelalters, pp. 518 542, Leipsic, 1889; C. Nisard, Le PMe Fortunat, Paris, 1890; W. S. Teuffel, Geschickte der romischen Literatur, pp. 1278‑83, Leipsic, 1890; M. Prou, La Gauls m6ro vingienne, pp. 225‑235, Paris, 1897; Ceillier, Auteurs sacrie, xi. 306, 315‑316, 384, 402‑414; Schaff, Christian
ii. 552‑553. FOSCARARI, EGIDIO: Italian Dominican, bishop of Modena; b. at Bologna Jan. 27, 1512 ; d. at Rome Dec. 23, 1564. After officiating as lector in various monasteries, he became magister sacri palatii at Rome in 1546. Four years later Julius II. appointed him bishop of Modena, and in this capacity he attended the sessions of the Council of Trent in 1551. When the council was suspended, he returned to his diocese, where he performed his duties in an exemplary manner, but was suspected of heresy by the Inquisition in 1558 and was im prisoned by Paul IV., like his predecessor Gio vanni de Morone (q.v.). Although his heterodoxy could not be proved, he did not receive formal ab solution until it was granted him by Pius IV. in 1560, whereupon he was permitted to return to his see amid the rejoicings of the people. He was present at the concluding sessions of the council, and was a member of the committees which, after the close of the council, prepared the Index libro rum prohibilorum, and the Catechismus Romanus, and revised the breviary and missal. . K. BENRATH. BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. Qu6tif and J. Echard, Script. ordinia Pradicatorum, ii. 184‑185, Paris, 1721; KL, iv. 1636‑37. FOSS, CYRUS DAVID: Methodist Episcopal bishop; b. at Kingston, N. Y., Jan. 17, 1834. He studied at Wesleyan University (B.A., 1854), and after being instructor and principal at Amenia Seminary, Amenia, N. Y., 1854‑57, entered the. ministry in the New York conference, being sta tioned at Chester, N. Y., in 1857‑59. He was then transferred to the New York East conference, and was pastor of churches in Brooklyn (1859‑65) and New York (1869‑75). From 1875 to 1880 he was president of Wesleyan University, and in 1880 was elected bishop. He was fraternal delegate to the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1878, and to the British Wes leyan Conference in 1886, while he made an official tour of the Methodist Episcopal missions in Europe in 1886, of Mexico in 1893, and of India and Ma laysia in 1897‑98. FOSSARIAN (Lat. fossarius, fossor; Gk. kopien, kopiates): The designation of the grave‑diggers of the early Church. In primitive times the burial of the poor was one of the services of love which the wealthier Christians voluntarily undertook for their needy brethren. Later the congregations had
special cemeteries, and burial was entrusted to professional grave‑diggers, which must have been the case in the third century and possibly even in the latter part of the second. The oldest document showing the existence of fossarians is the Gesta apud Zenophilum, which dates from 303 and is printed as an appendix to the editions of Optatus. In this work, as elsewhere, fossarians were reckoned among the clergy, but this was not invariably the case, as, for instance, in Rome. Fossarians are frequently represented in the paintings of the Roman catacombs, and it is clear from the inscriptions that they controlled the sale of graves. See CEMETERIES, II., 4, § 1. H. ACHELIs. BIBLIOGRAPHY: G. B. de Rossi, Roma sotterranea, iii. 533 sqq.. Rome, 1877, Eng. ed. by Northcote and Brownlow, Roma Sotterranea, i., chap. vii., pp. 205‑216, London, 1879; J. A. Martigny, Dictionnaire des antiquit6s;'chrctiennes, p. 281, Paris, 1877; DCA, i. 684; KL,1638‑40 (valuable). FOSTER, FRANK HUGH: Congregationalist; b. at Springfield, Mass., June 18, 1851. He studied at Harvard (B.A., 1873), Andover Theological Seminary (graduated in 1877), and the University of Leipsic (Ph.D., 1882). He was assistant professor of mathematics in the United States Naval Academy 1873‑74, and pastor of the Congregational church in North Reading, Mass., 1877‑79. After his return from Germany he was professor of philosophy in Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt., 1882‑84, professor of church history in Oberlin Theological Seminary 1884‑92, and professor of systematic theology in Pacific Theological Seminary, Berkeley, Cal., 1892‑1902, as well as pastor of the Second Congregational Church, Oakland, Cal., 1896‑97, and acting professor of systematic theology in the San Francisco Theological Seminary (Presbyterian) 1901‑02; pastor of the college and village church at Olivet, Mich., 1904‑07; and since 1907 professor of history in Olivet College. He was moderator of the General Association of Congregational Churches in Northern California in 1895, and Stone Lecturer at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1900. In theology his article on the New Testament miracles (AJT, 1908) shows him to have passed from the Evangelical to the purely non‑supernatural or rationalistic standpoint. He was for several years editor of the Bibliothew Sacra, and has written Seminary Method of Study in the Historical Sciences (New York, 1888); Fundamental Ideas of the Roman Catholic Church (Philadelphia, 1899); Christian Life and Theology: The Contribution o f Christian Experience to the System of Evangelical Doctrine (New York, 1900); The Teaching of Jesus concerning his own Mission (1903); and A Genetic History of the New England Theology (Chicago. 1907); and has translated Hugo Grotius' Defence of the Satisfaction of Christ (Andover, 1889). FOSTER, GEORGE BURMAN: Baptist; b. at Alderson, W. Va., Apr. 2, 1858. He was graduated at the University of West Virginia in 1883, Rochester Theological Seminary in 1887, and studied in Gbttingen and Berlin 1891‑92. After being pastor of the First Baptist Church, Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 1887‑91, he was appointed profes‑ 347 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Fosoaraxi Foster sor of philosophy at McMaster University, Toronto, and, in 1895, professor of systematic theology in the Divinity School of the University of Chicago. In 1905 he was transferred to the professorship of the philosophy of religion. He is the author of
1906).
FOSTER, JAMES: English dissenting minister; b. at Exeter Sept. 16, 1697; d. in London Nov. 5, 1753. He was educated at the free school, and at an academy, in Exeter, where he began preaching in 1718. After holding several obscure and pre carious charges he came to London in 1724 as the colleague of Joseph Burroughs at the chapel in the Barbican. In 1728 he became Sunday evening lecturer at the Old Jewry and in 1744 pastor of the independent church at Pinners' Hall He took part in a number of theological controversies and enjoyed a great reputation as a pulpit orator. He is mentioned by Pope in the epilogue to the
who had not heard Farinelli sing and Foster preach were not qualified to appear in genteel company." Though Foster defended the historical evidences of Christianity against the views of Tindal, he was himself essentially a deist and rationalist. Besides numerous sermons, included in a collected edition,
he maintained that the doctrine of the Trinity is not essential; The Usefulness, Truth, and Excel
Tindal; and Discourses on All the Princspal Branches of Natural Religion and Social Virtue (2 vole., 1749‑52), which had 2,000 subscribers. BIBLIOGRAPHY: W. Wilson, Dissenting Churches, ii. 270
worth Lane, parish of Halifax (14 m. w.s.w. of Leeds), Yorkshire, Sept. 17, 1770; d. at Stapleton (a suburb of Bristol), Gloucestershire, Oct. 15, 1843. He was the eldest son of a farmer and manufacturer. Up to his eighteenth year he was occupied chiefly with factory work, but had en joyed some educational advantages and had read largely in Puritan theology. Serious and medita tive, he cared little for society or sport and was en tranced with the beauties of nature. When seven teen years of age he experienced conversion and was baptized into the fellowship of the Calvinistic Baptist church at Hobden Bridge. Under the in fluence of Dr. Fawcett, his pastor, he entered the school of the latter (Brearly Hall) to study for the ministry. Here he not only pursued with enthu siasm and success the classical and literary courses offered, but read extensively in theology and be came master of an elegant literary style. After three years of preparatory study he proceeded to the Baptist college at Bristol, where in scholarship, depth of thought, and literary skill he surpassed all his fellow students, but proved remarkably lacking in preaching power. With a most intense desire to use his gifts and attainments for the edi‑ fication of saints and the conversion of sinners, his abstract and overelaborate way of sermonizing, his deficiency in popular touch, and a chronic throat trouble that made his voice ineffective, resulted at Newcastle, Dublin, Chichester, Battersea, and Downend, where he successively ministered, in the dwindling of the congregations and the closing of the chapels. While ultra‑Calvinistic in his predestinarianism, he early became almost Arian in his Chlystology. The latter made him unacceptable to the Particular Baptists, and the former to the General Baptists. For a time he gave instruction to certain African youths who had been brought to England to he educated for missionaries. While still engaged in pastoral effort Foster published (1805) a volume of Essays, including his famous essay On Decision of Character, which attracted much attention. From 1808 he was a regular contributor to the Eclectic Review. His articles published in this periodical are said to have numbered 185. His essay on the Evils of Popular Ignorance (1819), originally an address before a benevolent society, added greatly to his fame. He had an invincible aversion to the Established Church and to the special privileges of the British aristocracy; and the evils of the time in Britain and her colonies he was never weary of attributing to the unchristian and antisocial elements in Church and State. In arraigning the religious and social evils of the time he assumed a somewhat pessimistic tone, but exerted a wide‑spread influence in favor of reform. Among his other writings are An Introduction to Doddridge's `Rise and Progress' (Glasgow, 1825), and Lectures Delivered at Broadmead Chapel (1844‑47). Among the points on which he differed from his Baptist brethren was his denial of eternal punishment, which he was unable to reconcile with his conceptions of the benevolence and the righteousness of God. ALBERT H. NEWMAN. BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. E. Ryland, Life and Correspondence o/ John Foster, 2 vols., London, 1846; DNB, xx. 57‑59. Directory: schaff -> encyc -> encyc04 encyc -> Xethodists Japan, and maintains a large number of schools and seminaries, and one college. In recent years it has made some modifications. The general conference of Aug encyc -> 201 religious encyclopedia encyc -> 161 religious encyclopedia harmoa Harmony of the Gospels encyc -> Associate professor of church history princeton theological seminary baker book house encyc -> 361 religious encyclopedia encyc -> 851 religious encyclopedia encyc -> Associate professor of church history princeton theological seminary baker book house encyc -> 401 religious encyclopedia nationalism encyc -> Bibliography: The Newiifeiat Magazine encyc04 -> Associate professor of church history princeton theological seminary baker book house Download 6.59 Mb. Share with your friends:
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