|
Linguistics week 12 Morphology 2 We looked at
|
Date conversion | 26.01.2017 | Size | 6,73 Kb. |
|
Linguistics week 12 Two kinds of words - Function words
- Restricted in number
- A closed class
- Have a grammatical function
- Usually just one morpheme (a grammatical morpheme)
- Content words
- An open class
- New content words often come into use in every language
- Which words on this slide …? Chinese examples?
You think English is hard? - Ha! When I was at school I had to do Latin
- See if you can find out what this is:
- amo amamus
- amas amatis
- amat amant
- Or this
- dominus domini
- domine domini
- dominum dominos
- domini dominorum
- domino dominis
- domino dominis
- The two lists each show the different word-forms, for a Latin noun or verb
- dominus is the nominative (subject form)
- domine is the vocative form (Oh Master!)
- dominum is the accusative (object form)
- domini is the genitive (the master’s, of the master)
- domino is the dative (to or for the master)
- domino is the ablative (in some words, this is different from the dative) (by, with or from the master)
- English has a genitive form. What is it?
- In some lexemes, English attests nominative, accusative and genitive forms
Inflectional morphology - In English, inflection includes things like
- Fromkin 101 gives a complete list
- Although she doesn’t explain that -s and -es (for example) are two realizations (two allomorphs!) of the same morpheme
- Also on p101: does the Italian verb inflection list seem familiar?
- BUT inflection does NOT allow for making a new lexeme
- so sleepy is not an inflection of sleep
- unkind is not an inflection of kind
- artistic is not an inflection of artist (which is not an inflection of art (Inflection and derivation task)
- Inflection does not change the word class (syntactic category, part-of-speech, 詞類)
- Derivation may or may not change word class
- Derivation makes a new lexeme
- Inflection just changes the grammatical ending of the original lexeme
- Inflection is productive
- You can add –s to any verb, to make it plural
- Derivation is not necessarily productive
- You cannot always add un- to an adjective, or -ive to a verb
- Unbelievable contains
- One free morpheme
- A root and two affixes
- In English, there are derivational prefixes and suffixes
- There are no inflectional prefixes
- Suffixes are more common in the world’s languages
- But Thai has only prefixes – no suffixes
- Fromkin 78: plural in the Zapotec language is relized by a prefix, not a suffix
Infixes - In Tagalog
- sulat = write
- sumulat = wrote
- sinulat = was written
- What is the root morpheme here?
- What are the affixes?
- Fromkin describes a kind of infix used in English
- I don’t want to go to uni-bloody-versity
- Is there any infixing in Mandarin, do you think?
Reduplication - Afrikaans
- dik = ‘thick’; dikdik = ‘very thick’
- Motu (Papua New Guinea)
- mero = boy; memero = boys
- meromero = little boy
- How do you say ‘little boys’ in this language?
- And – you guessed it – what uses does reduplication have in Mandarin?
Hierarchical structure of words (Fromkin 84) - unbelievable and unsystematic have only one structural analysis each:
- believe 相信 + -able 可相信 + un- 不可相信
- Unlockable, Fromkin shows on 85-6, is morphologically ambiguous
- It can be understood in two ways
- Try to understand why, by looking at the trees
- 69 to 74 (or further if you like)
- Ex 2, 3, 4, 5A, 6
- You will probably enjoy these!
- You might like to take a look at my master’s thesis
- It contains a short section on reduplication in Chinese
- It has some ideas about compounding (for next week)
- You will get an idea of the structure of a Western-style essay: study, especially, the way the references and bibliography work
|
The database is protected by copyright ©sckool.org 2016
send message
|
|