The gymnasiums appeared in ducal courts; they were created for the liberal education of privileged boys and as the first stage of the studia humanitatis.
Humanism & Education
Academics were again mixed with periods of physical activity.
The appreciation of the body’s beauty is expressed in art.
Only those whom God elects are saved, and that a person does nothing to effect his or her salvation
Christ did not die for all men but only those on the "saved list“
A child of God once saved, cannot be lost.
Anglicanism
Anglican worship was a unique product of the Reformation, continuous with the historical liturgical tradition of the Western Church rather than founded on 'new' Protestant rites.
It was based on a liturgy whose use was obligatory and the entirety of which was set out in the Book of Common Prayer..
“The childhood shows the man, As morning shows the day.” (Book iv. Line 220).
“Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts And eloquence.”
(Book iv. Line 240).
John Milton (1608-1674)
http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/milton/
John Milton
Milton’s “Paradise Lost” tells a biblical story of Adam and Eve, with God, and Lucifer (Satan), who is thrown out of Heaven to corrupt humankind. Milton created a powerful and sympathetic portrait of Lucifer. This view influenced deeply Romantic poets William Blake and Percy Bysshe Shelley, who saw Satan as the real hero of the poem and a rebel against the tyranny of Heaven.
Areopagitica is a passionate defense of freedom of the press, which was originally a speech to the Long Parliament on the question of licensing printers. Milton's erudite and his comprehensive survey of the history of public censorship is seen as one of the foundations of modern political liberty, and of democracy.
“It is not a mind, it is not a body that we are training; it is a man, and he ought not to be divided into two parts”
“The body has a great share in our being, it has an eminent place there; and therefore its structure and composition very properly receive consideration.”
“We must command the soul not to draw aside and entertain herself apart, not to despise and abandon the body.”
Montaigne, d. M. (1934) The Essays of Michel de Montaigne,
“The scientific method, which required using independent judgment and observing nature as a means of seeking truth, simulated the enthusiasm of… sense realists.”
Van Dalen & Bennett (1971, p. 171)
Image source:
www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/index.html
Francis Bacon Quotations
“There is a wisdom in this beyond the rules of physic. A man's own observation, what he finds good of and what he finds hurt of, is the best physic to preserve health.”
“Cleanness of body was ever deemed to proceed from a due reverence to God.”
Source:
www.bartleby.com/99/139.html
Image source:
www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/baconbib.htm
Richard Mulcaster (1531-1611)
English schoolmaster educated at Eton, Cambridge, and Oxford whose pedagogical views, such as, special university training for teachers, comparable to that for doctors or lawyers, careful selection of teachers and adequate salaries, assignment of the best teachers to the lowest grades, and close association between teachers and parents were not generally accepted until at least 250 years after his death.
In 1561 he became the first headmaster of the Merchant-Taylors' School, later acting as high master at St. Paul's.
He emphasized the importance of individual differences in children, the adjustment of the curriculum to these differences, and the use of readiness rather than age in determining progress.
Comenius came up with a concept he called Pansophy: "men, seeing in a clear light the ends of all things, and the means to those ends, and the correct use of those means, might be able to direct all that they have to good ends.”
Comenious proposed that all children should be given a general education without any discrimination of sex, social origin or property.
His text books were age-appropriate, intending to first attract children to schoolwork and at the end matriculate students who “can find their way in the world.”
John Locke, a political and social philosopher of 17th century England, more than any other thinker influenced the author of the Declaration of Independence and the Framers of the American Constitution.
Locke held that "the minds of children [are] as easily turned, this way or that, as water itself." He underrated innate differences: "we are born with faculties and powers, capable almost of anything;" and, "as it is in the body, so it is in the mind, practice makes it what it is." Along with this view went a profound conviction of the importance of education, and of the breadth of its aim. It has to fit men for life -- for the world, rather than for the university. Instruction in knowledge does not exhaust it; it is essentially a training of character.
“All wickedness comes from weakness. . . . Make [the child] strong and he will be good.”
“The training of the body, though much neglected, is… the most important part of education.”
“Childhood has its ways of seeing, thinking, and feeling that are proper to it.”
“There is no original perversity in the human heart.”
“Put questions within [the child's] reach and let him solve them himself. Let him know nothing because you have told him, but because he has learned it for himself .”
“It is a lamentable mistake to imagine that bodily activity hinders the working of the mind, as if these two kinds of activity ought not to advance hand in hand, and as if the one were not intended to act as guide to the other…to learn to think we must therefore exercise our limbs, our senses, and our bodily organs, which are tools of the intellect; and to get the best use out of these tools, the body which supplies us with them must be strong and healthy.”